105 Non-Cumulative GuideIntroduction to Criminology: Final Exam Study Guide (non-cumulative portion) Presented below is a listing of topics to be addressed on the upcoming 100 question multiple-choice examination. 40 questions or so will be drawn from the list below. Unlike the cumulative list posted earlier, this list is not exhaustive. This is intended as a rough approximation of the subject matter to be included. Direct your attention to revisiting the material covered since the last exam as well a the material covered in lecture and discussion. NamesRobert K. Merton- Social Structure and Anomie% Meyer Robert Schkolnick (birth name)% From the slums of Philadelphia to Harvard during the Great Deprsession% Universities were very racist, so hiding his Jewishness(lol)helped him to do that% (1938) “Social Structure and Anomie”% Claims that there is something about our social structure that causes crimeconformity (accept goals and means of achievement), innovation(accept goals, not means), ritualism (goals rejected, means followed anyways), retreatism (goals and means rejected), rebellion (reject means and goals, create new ones)Karl Marx-Critical Theory% Capitalism causes crime due to the imbalance of economic power and opportunity% Capitalism creates winner and loser, and everyone is trying to accomplish the American dream, legally or not.üThe core of Marxist is the concept of class struggle.üIn Marx’s time the oppressors were the wealth owners of the means of production (the bourgeoisie) and the oppressed werethe working class (the proletariat).üThe ruling class always develops ideologies to justify and legitimize their exploitation.üMarx called the workers’ acceptance of ideologies that ran counter to their interersts false consciousness.üIn time, false consciousness would be replaced by class consciousness; that is, the recognition of a common class condition and the development of a common unity in opposition to capitalist exploitation.üThis would set the stage for revolution.üAccording to Marx and Engels, criminals came from a third class in society—the lumpenproletariat—who would play no decisive role in the expected revolution.ü Crime was the product of an unjust, alienating, and demoralizing social condition that denied productive labor to the masses of unemployed.üThe origin of crime has come to be known as the primitive rebellion.üCapitalist societies pass laws that criminalize any action that jeopardizes private property and tend to overlook many socially injurious activities viewed as economically beneficial for the ruling class.Edwin H. Sutherland- Differential Association % social process oriented theory contrasts with structural theories% wants to contrast by using social dynamics that produce these problems% crime is learned in interaction% not limited to explain lower classRonald Akers- Social Learning Theory% took Sutherland’s work further% Individual has a lot more say in whether they choose to be criminals or not even if they interact with other criminals.His theory allowed for personal morals.% differential reinforcement, beliefs, modelingHoward Becker- Labeling Theory% basically, people become their labels. ?Therefore if the CJS labels people as criminals they will become criminals or areat least more likely to accept that label.% uses the concept of looking glass-self% Solution: Radical Non-Intervention_________________________________________________________________________ Concepts/TermsCondemnation and redemption scripts% These scripts are an attempt to account for desistance of ex-inmates% Condemnation Scripts% resignation to “fate”% sense of being victimized by circumstances and fate% Redemption Scripts% near missionary zeal for serving a purpose % past is recast as the prelude to their new calling (it’s a “renarratization”) Institutional Anomie Theory (devaluation, accommodation, penetration)§ Messner & Rosenfeld argue that· Achievement orientation dominateso Self- worth determined by net worth – non monetary aims diminishedo Earn at any costo No stopping point to earning· Individualism is the meanso Success to be earned by oneselfo Others are competitorso Everyone expected to competeØ Restraints§ Social institutions are designed to maintain norms and values in orderto regulate conduct1. Economy2. Polity/electorate3. Education4. Family§ Currently there is an institutional imbalance in powerØ 3 Stage Process of Economic Ascendency§ Devaluation1. Homeowner, not homemaker, has valued role2. Being a good student is not prestigious3. Stay at home dads§ Accommodationo Employers resist family leaveo Schooling sought to get a good job§ Penetrationo Belief government is good if run like a businesso Movement of women into workforceo Teaching to the test in schoolsPrimary and secondary deviance% Primary-deviance is labeled and therefore no labeling consequences% Secondary- deviance that is socially rejected and leads to labelingMoral entrepreneur-think of new ways to create moral codes% example in class was Reefer Madness, which was used to make weed seem moral wrong and make it illegalMoral panic??is an overreaction of the mass media, police and local community leaders to delinquent offences which are in factrelatively trivial, both in terms of the nature of the offence and the number of people involvedLooking glass self- becoming the label that you’ve been givenBourgeoisie and proletariat% bourgeoisie- owners of the means of production% proletariat- the working class; surplus in the working force leads to unemployment and demoralizationDifferential association (postulate 6 in Sutherland’s theory)§ Process by which a person is exposed to normative definitions favorable or unfavorable to illegal behavior§ Two dimensions:1. Behavioral interactional: direct association and interaction with others who engage in a behavior and identification with reference groups2. Normative: exposure to different patterns of norms and values through associations§ Primary groups (family, friends) & Secondary groups (church, school, mass media)Postulate 6: We become delinquent because of an excess of definitionsfavorable to violation of the law over definitions unfavorable to violationFrequency,
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