Twin Study4 sets of identical twins and 4 sets of fraternal twinslook for same behaviors than its concordanceex: both criminals or both not criminalsanother case: One is criminal and one is NotNO CONCORDANCEIdentical twins=Concordance Rate=75% 3/4Fraternal twins=Concordance Rate=25% ¼Adoption StudyChildren separated from biological parents(and adopted)Three groups:Neither adoptive nor biological parents are criminal->(LOWEST)Adoptive parents are not criminal and biological parents are criminal->(2nd highest)Both biological and adoptive parents are criminal=HIGHESTIntroduction to Criminology: Exam 2 Study GuidePresented below is a listing of topics to be addressed on the upcoming 50 question multiple-choice examination. The list is not exhaustive. This is intended as a rough approximation of the subject matter to be included. Direct your attention to revisiting the material covered since the first exam (Vold chapters 2, 3, 6, 7, and 10) as well as the material covered in lecture and discussion. NamesBeccaria- Wrote An essay on Crimes and Punishments (1764)o Revolutionary document which informed the US Constitution and was banned by the Vaticano First scientific approach to crime- fruit of the Enlightenmento Ideas are at the foundation of nearly ALL modern criminal justice- Classical Theory- In order to deter crime, penalties must be made known and applied with:oDeterrence- punishment to prevent crime from happeningGeneral-making an example of someoneSpecific- you yourself are punished to keep yourself from committing a crime in the futureSwiftness- punishment and crime occur closely togetherSeverity- imposed with just enough costs to outweigh the benefits of crimeCertainty (most important)-His idea's:oA simple model of human choice that was based on the rational calculation of costs and benefitsoArgued that punishments should be proportional to the seriousness of offenses so that the cost of crime always exceeds its rewardUsed to lead the criminal to not committing crime- Classical Theory in our Legal Institutions: o Mens rea and actus reuso Right to a speedy trialo Law is to be applied equallyo Punishment designed to fit the crime, not the criminalLombroso- Biological Criminology-a person’s appearance can help determine whether a person is likely to be a criminal- Measured numerous physical attributes like sloping forehead, shoulders, ear placement, skull size, arm/leg/jaw length-Relied on Darwin's theory of evolution to argue that criminals were logical throwbacks to an earlier evolutionary stage- people more primitive and less highly evolved than their noncriminal counterparts (atavistic)oAtavism- biological throwback-Three major classes of criminals:1. "born criminals"- atavistic reversions to a lower or more primitive form (1/3 of the total # of offenders)2. "insane criminals"- grouped idiots, imbeciles, paranoiacs, sufferers from melancholia, and those afflicted with general paralysis, dementia, alcoholism, epilepsy, or hysteria3. "criminaloids"- did not have any special physical or mental characteristics but whose mental and emotional makeup were such that under certain circumstances the engage in criminal behavior (majority of criminals)-Problem: Determinism- fate is determinedDurkheim- Social disorganization (Chicago School)- Anomie/Strain theory: anomie is “normlessness” taking place amid social or economic upheaval- Control theory- Sociological insight—the sum is greater than the tally of the partso Group dynamics are essential to understanding behavior, individual characteristics are only part of the story-Laws- crime is "normal"oMechanical- enforces uniformity of the members of the social group and represses any deviation from the norms of the timeoOrganic- regulates the interactions of the various parts of society and provides restitution in cases of wrongful transactionsPhineas Gage- an American railroad construction foreman remembered for his improbable survival of an accident in which a large iron rod was driven completely through his head, destroying much of his brain's left frontal lobe, and for that injury's reported effects on his personality and behaviorTravis Hirschi- Causes of Delinquency (1969)o Social control theory emphasizes bonds formed with (1) family (2) school and (3) peerso 4 elements of the bond:1. Attachment: emotional/affective bond, psychological presence”2. Commitment: rational component, consequences, those with nothing to lose can deviate3. Involvement: ‘idle hands’, weakest element4. Belief: in the moral worth of society’s lawsThomas Hobbes (social contract)-Argued that people naturally pursue their own interests without caring about whether they hurt anyone else-"war of each against all"-"social contract"- something like a peace treaty that everyone agrees to because they are allexhausted from the war of each against all oAgree to social contract then you agree to grant the state the right to use force to maintain the contractKornhauser- 3 attributes of disorganized communities: poverty, racial/ethnic heterogeneity, high residential mobility- Social disorganization produces delinquent subcultures which sustain delinquent values that are passed on- Delinquency results from a community’s inability to regulate behaviorRobert Merton- a definite pressure on certain persons in the society to engage in nonconformist rather than conformist conduct- the culture of any society defines certain goals that deems “worth striving for.”o Ex. American Goal= to acquire wealth which is accumulated with personal value, and worth is associated with a high degree of prestige and social status- all persons cannot be expected to achieve the goals of the culture, it is important that the culture place a strong emphasis on the institutionalized means and the necessity of following them for their own value (some intrinsic satisfaction for all persons who participate in the culture)o ex. Athletics- the sport itself must provide enjoyment, even if the person does not wino the phrase “it’s not whether you win, it’s how you play the game” expresses the notion that the primary satisfaction comes from following the institutionalized means(rules), rather than achieving the goal (winning)- Anomie-1. The culture places a disproportionate emphasis on the achievement of the goal of accumulated wealth and maintains that this goal is applicable to all persons2. The social structure effectively limits the possibilities of
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