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CCJS MIDTERM 2 Review I Chapter 4 biological psychological perspectives A biology criminality 1 biocriminology study of the physical aspects of psychological disor ders 2 genetics criminality a XYY syndrome when a male gets 2 Y chromosomes basic struc tures that contain our genes from dad thought to make ppl more violent but studies have disproved this b twin studies Christiansen Mednick found that chance of being a criminal twin when other twin was criminal was 50 for identi cal MZ 20 for same sex fraternal DZ supports hypothesis that some genetic influences increase risk of criminality 1 studying twins controls for nature 2 keep in mind that may not be a common environment for all twins who grow up in the same house at same time c adoption studies found that criminality of the biological parents has more influence on the child than does that of the adoptive parents supports genetic link to criminality 1 Mednick found no relationship between criminal convictions of adopted parents w their adopted kids 2 keep in mind that little can be done to ensure similarity of adopted kids environments 3 researchers could mistake correlation for causation 4 may depend on how long kids wait to be adopted 5 in the end no direct link found between genes violence d NAS s risk factors statistically linked to violence 1 hyperactivity 2 poor early grades 3 low IQ 4 fearlessness 5 inability to defer gratification 3 the IQ debate a early studies found a link between low IQ criminality Wolf gang Reiss Rhodes and Hirschi Hindelang but proved to be inconsistent b environment plays a big role in IQ development 4 biochemical factors a food allergies food components which may result in severe aller gic reactions those found in chocolate aged cheese wine artifi cial sweeteners caffeine etc have been associated w behav ioral disorders including criminality b diet link between criminality diets high in sugar carbs vita min deficiency or dependency excessive food additives c hypoglycemia when level of blood sugar falls below acceptable range it can impair brain function linked w violent crime d hormones abnormal levels of male hormones may prompt crimi nal behavior 5 neurophysiological factors neurocriminology Raine others claim there are prefrontal structural functional deficits strongly associ ated w delinquency brain volume differences a brain lesions or brain tumors can lead to violent outbursts b brain wave abnormalities EEGs show slow brain wave activity in delinquents c minimal brain dysfunction MBD or ADHD produces antisocial behavioral patterns like impulsivity hyperactivity aggressive ness temper outbursts low self esteem 6 criticisms of biocriminology a often deny existence of individual free will but Fishbein argues that the idea of conditioned free will is frequently advocated b may be a racists undertone to this research could lead to pick ing out minorities predisposed to crime c may be unfairly deemphasizing the social economic factors d nature v nurture we now know it is a mix of both B psychology criminality 1 psychological development a psychoanalytic theory Freud attributes delinquent behavior to at least 3 possible causes 1 a conscience superego so overbearing it arouses feelings of guilt ppl commit crimes in order to be punished relive this guilt 2 a conscience superego so weak it cannot control the individ ual s impulses id 3 the need for immediate gratification id b 3 basic principles that appeal to psychologists who study crimi nality 1 actions behavior of an adult are understood in terms of childhood development 2 behavior unconscious motives are intertwined their inter action must be unraveled if we re to understand criminality 3 criminality is essentially a representation of psychological conflict 2 moral development a Kohlberg s sequence of moral reasoning 1 preconventional level kids reason here until ages 9 11 most criminals reason here concrete interests of the individ ual are considered in terms of rewards punishments a stage 1 obedience punishment orientation stick to rules in order to avoid punishment b stage 2 reward orientation follow rules only for one s own benefit 2 conventional level adolescents reason here moral problems approached by individual as a member of society ppl inter ested in pleasing others by acting as good members of soci ety a stage 3 good boy morality maintain respect of others doing what s expected of them b stage 4 authority social order maintaining morality right is what society defines as right 3 postconventional level adults after age 20 use moral princi ples seen as broader than those of any particular society a stage 5 morality of contract individual rights demo cratically accepted law sense of obligation to laws agreed upon w in society b stage 6 morality of individual principles conscience fol lows laws b c they are based on universal ethical princi ples but disobeys laws that violate the principles b Hickey Jennings program based on Kohlberg s theory 1 just community intervention approach involves a struc tured educational curriculum stressing democracy fairness a sense of community studies show it significantly improves moral development c 2 other rehab programs based on Kohlberg s theory both reduce recidivism 1 Moral Reconation Therapy aims to improve the moral reason 2 Reasoning Rehabilitation attempts to alter underlying crim ing of offenders inal attitudes 3 attachment theory a the construction of an emotional bond between an infant its mom its strength will determine a kid s ability to form attach ments in the future 1 habitual criminals typically cannot form bonds of affection 2 a warm intimate continuous relationship w mom will result anxious attachment in secure attachment b Bowlby s theory of attachment 7 features 1 specificity attachments are selective usually directed to 1 ppl in order of preference 2 duration attachments endure persist 3 engagement of emotion some of the most intense emotions are associated w attachment relationships 4 ontogeny course of development kids form an attachment to 1 primary figure in the 1st 9 months of life 5 learning attachments are not the products of rewards rein forcements but of basic social interaction 6 organization attachment behavior follows cognitive develop ment interpersonal maturation from birth onward 7 biological function attachment is for survival c fam atmosphere delinquency 1 Sheldon Glueck Robins studies suggest a moderate to strong relation between crime childhood deprivation


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UMD CCJS 105 - MIDTERM 2 Review

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Notes

Notes

15 pages

Crime

Crime

35 pages

Names

Names

5 pages

Notes

Notes

16 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

4 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

3 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

11 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

12 pages

Notes

Notes

5 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

4 pages

Test 1

Test 1

7 pages

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