Introduction to Criminology Final Exam Study Guide non cumulative portion Presented below is a listing of topics to be addressed on the upcoming 100 question multiple choice examination 40 questions or so will be drawn from the list below Unlike the cumulative list posted earlier this list is not exhaustive This is intended as a rough approximation of the subject matter to be included Direct your attention to revisiting the material covered since the last exam as well as the material covered in lecture and discussion Names Robert K Merton theorist who established a strain theory called Institutional Anomie Theory which revolved around the inability of individuals to reach the American dream defines that there are elements which effects all society as a whole but effects certain groups of people more than others Merton s 5 adaptation conformity innovation ritualism retreatism rebellion Believes that the anomie of American dream leads to the strains on an individual Karl Marx father of communist thinking and against capitalist ways while he never wrote a crime theory himself others have taken his theories to create crime theories which highlight how inequalities caused by capitalism breeds criminals because they create inequality in society resulting in inequality of application of law e g white collar crime is rarely prosecuted former felons are taken out of politics and cannot vote Edwin H Sutherland came up with a theory on how people are socialized to crime which can explain all crime not just lower class called differential association Michael Adler report devastating critique of criminology Ronald Akers student of Sutherland who created the DA reinforcement theory which reintroduced sutherlands theory but included mechanisms of learning and solidified the theory Howard Becker wrote outsiders which established Labeling theory and misapplication of labels in which people are conformists pure deviants secret deviants or falsely accused ent into labeling theory where once people are labeled as criminal they tend to commit more criminal acts because they are given less opportunities and instead have to conform to their title Concepts Terms Condemnation scripts those labeled criminals accept fate have a sense of being victimized by the circumstance and state they are doomed to fail anyway Redemption scripts those labeled criminal gain an extreme passion for serving a purpose past is now an opening to discover their new calling They create identity to rebuild their career and relationships Institutional Anomie Theory characteristics of the American dream achievement driven individualism universalism and materialism create a state of anomie where the economy takes precedent over other institutions in society economy school family policy the economy is dominant which causes devaluation where values by other institutions are less valuable accommodation where the economy takes precedent and you have to find time for other things like family around your own work schedule and penetration of values where other values are based off of economy i e you go to school to get a job Primary deviance created by Lemert non serious offenses which are easily brushed off we think we are law abiding but some deviance exists Secondary deviance more bigger deviance so you are considered more deviant stigma of crime Moral entrepreneur advocacy groups those who are trying to instill morals or changes in society to reflect their view e g MADD tries to make drunk driving more serious Moral panic the idea that a nation or area is in moral decay Looking glass self symbolic interactionism with one s self the way we look at ourselves the meaning that we invent about ourselves we define ourselves by what others think about us Bourgeoisie terms coined by Karl Marx including Proletariat which are used to describe members in the capitalist system Bourgeoisie are those who control the means of production and therefore have a higher tier in society oppress the proletariat Proletariat the working class laborers the lower tier of society Marx believed that these individuals would one day use their majority power to overthrow the Bourgeoisie Differential association has 9 principles which can be summarized that a person is exposed to normative definitions favorable or unfavorable definitions of illegal behavior through associating with others who engage in illegal behavior or through exposure to values which lead to individuals committing crime Strong theory because it explains group crime and white collar crime but is weak as it doesn t explain where the first crime happened or what definitions are postulate 6 in Sutherland s theory Frequency apart of DA where a definition is repeated often it is more prevlant in our calues and knowledge Priority How those around us value things influences how we value it if its important to others we may learn it more or value it high as well Intensity when something is more prominently demonstrated or influential you will be influenced by it Duration the length that we are impacted by something helps us learn it better if it is for a longer time Differential reinforcement incorporates operant conditioning where crime is learned through imitation and differential association theory Definitions are attitudes to law and differential reinforcement is positive reward or negative remove reward punishment is direct assigning punishment or indirect removing reward and reinforcers can be social praise or non social physical Operant conditioning skinner learning a response by learning from the consequences of your actions you learn how to act rat experiment one button gave them food other button sent a shock through their body Analytic induction systematic evaluation of social situation to create an understanding of social concepts by comparing similarities in the situation Disintegrative shaming stigmatizes or disgraces permanently has value as it does change bad behavior how much should be used Reintegrative shaming because we are more affected by the reactions of those we hold close to us we must be shamed by those closer to us apologies and restitution play key role in socializing us again General Strain Theory the idea that people commit crime because they feel pressure from not being able to achieve the goal they want So instead of using legitimate channels to achieve their goals they instead turn to illegitimate means to achieve what they want to accomplish Includes theories such as
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