Economic Crime Brown Chapter 12 1 Definition a Crimes of acquisition in the streets and in the suites b Majority is property crime 2 Types a Robbery i Definition use of threat or force to gain property ii Both violent and property offenses iii Requires face to face encounter with victim iv Many target drug dealers cash on hand won t report v Those living in immediate area are often targeted vi Expanding use of credit cards serves as a deterrent vii Those in which a gun is used as a threat produce less physical harm 1 People are more likely to just give up the property b Larceny Theft i Definition the taking of property from a person with the intent of permanently depriving them of its use ii Represents 2 3 of all property crime iii Includes shoplifting purse snatching pick pocketing employee theft iv Explanations 1 Kleptomania a Incessant urge compulsion to steal b Sneaky thrills stolen candy tastes a bit sweeter c Burglary i Definiton the unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft ii 8 of American households victimized each year 1 Repeat victimization iii 2 3 are against residences iv Motivation 1 Perceived threat a Largely due to identity 2 Psychological encapsulation isolated 3 Criminal act a Inability to access legitimate means for addressing threat feel v Proceeds fuel party lifestyle vi The burglary event 1 Primary motive to avoid contact with home occupant 2 Offender looks for cue to determine that home is unoccupied 3 Location and time are important 4 Offenders develop sources to determine which are worth breaking into 5 Most offenders are low level opportunists victimize local community 6 Communities with unemployment have lower burglary rates more people at home 7 Black market to dispose of proceeds d White Collar Crime i nonviolent ii Competing definitions 1 Restricted to class position of people who commit certain kinds of crimes a Ex corporate and banking executives b Criminal not typical i Generally male upper class white older 35 50 1 They have opportunity degree of power to commit this type of crime ii Exception to our crime data 2 Applied to the offenses themselves regardless of who perpetrators are a Ex abusing your position within a company for personal gain b Criminal all genders and ages iii Study WC crime 1 Difficult results from its complexity a Criminology criminal law organization theory psychology accounting and others b Offenders are less accessible to research efforts 2 99 9 of research of WC will look at companies industries a No one considers government i Giving special favors to campaigns WC ii Senators get preferential treatment from companies WC iii Congress exempt from insider training iv Punishments are less severe Classical Criminology Vold Chapter 2 AKA Deterrence or Rational Choice Theory 1 Pre modern understanding of criminality a Demonic perspective b Crime resulted from supernatural forces i e demons c Crime conceived of as a sin i Crime invites the wrath of g d punishment d Theological understanding of its cures causes preventions i What drives people to commit crime e Corporal punishments for wrongdoers i Barbaric punishments directed at body no jail CJ system didn t exist ii Examples show cultural environment send message action is wrong 1 Burning alive 2 Exorcism to purge evil spirits 3 Branding a Hot stakes through tongues who speak ill b Ostracism banishment f The legal environment i Arbitrary and capricious justice 1 Determines particular punishment ii Sentence often depended on one s social status iii Corruption was a problem iv Judges had wide discretion in applying as much law as would suit their interests 2 Cesare Beccaria a An Essay on Crimes and Punishment i Revolutionary document 1764 1 Fundamental shift in criminology 2 Revolutionary upsets those in power 3 Informed the US constitution 4 Banned by the Vatican a Book undermined their authority ii First rational scientific approach to crime 1 Fruit of the enlightenment a Theological apparatus been displaced shift from religion to b men more capable and though as independent thinkers rational science beings 2 ideas are at the foundation of nearly ALL modern criminal justice b Deterrence Capital punishment i Beccaria was against for all expect 1 crime 1 When criminals rebellion could topple the government ii Instead of capital punishment perpetual slavery 1 Perpetual public slave 2 Sufferer can t think of future 3 Way to repress rebellion iii Problems 1 Element of causation temporal order a Perceptual Detterance i Everyone perceives cost differently if people don t have the right perception won t deter crime ii Perception impacts choices crime 1 A lot of crime low perception of deterrence what causes what a Lot of crime low perception b Low perception lot of crime b Brutalization hypothesis effect i High crime implement more severe penalties ii Again what causes what punishment led to crime or crime led to punishment 1 Severe penalty high crime 2 High crime severe penalty 3 The Philosophy of Classical Theory a Thomas Hobbes i The Social Contract 1 What would happen if there was a small group with no laws a Predict everyone fight against one another for personal gain creation of all out war against all Lord of the Flies 2 Need authority structure institution to control behavior avoid social conflict 3 Social contract a Gives authority t the state consent to of the govern 4 Incorporates ideas of Jeremy Bentham father of utilitarianism a man is assumed to be a rational actor utility maximizer i utility maximizer 1 do what will maximize self profit man is oriented toward reducing cost and maximizing benefits a reduce cost and maximize benefit CJ system should increase the cost risk and minimize possible benefits b Classical theory defined i middle importance In order to deter crime penalties must be made known and applied with 1 Swiftness a Immediate punishment least important a Imposed with just enough costs to outweigh the benefits of crime 2 Severity i Need perfect balance most important 3 Certainty a Chances likelihood criminal will be caught convicted and punished ii Aimed at general and specific deterrence 1 General 2 Specific a Community at large deter others from committing crime a Individual recognize personal behavior will evoke consequence won t commit same crime again c RAT Cohen and Felsen i Need to choose to commit crime 1 Motivated offender 2 Suitable victim target 3 Lack of capable guardians cops light public etc a Situational crime prevention
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