03 12 2012 06 22 00 Introduction to Criminology Final Exam Study Guide non cumulative portion Presented below is a listing of topics to be addressed on the upcoming 100 question multiple choice examination 40 questions or so will be drawn from the list below Unlike the cumulative list posted earlier this list is not exhaustive This is intended as a rough approximation of the subject matter to be included Direct your attention to revisiting the material covered since the last exam as well as the material covered in lecture and discussion Names Robert K Merton Social structure of anomie Structurally induced strain Criminal motivation is not inherent it must be explained Societal forces produce pressures to obtain ends o Everyone is expected to meet this standard There are weak regulations on how this imperative is to be met means o Access to legitimate means is limited College corporate employment family connections o Desire for social mobility leads to deviance Adaptation to achieve ends o Conformity Acceptance of culture goals institutionalized means o Innovation Much criminal behavior Acceptance of culture goals Rejection of institutionalized means o Ritualism Maintain outward conformity to norms mitigate strain by scaling down their aspirations to the point where the ends can be reached comfortably Acceptance of institutionalized means Rejection of culture goals o Retreatism o Rebellion Relinquish allegiance to both the cultural success goal norms prescribing the means Rejection of culture goals institutionalized means Reject but also wish to change the existing system Rejection of culture goals institutionalized means Karl Marx Radical critical or conflict criminology Class divisions capitalism o Bourgeois own the means of production o Proletariat the workers distribution of scarce resources Conflict of interests between different groups will be increased by inequality in the o Imbalance will inevitably produce revolt precipitated by class consciousness o Capitalism as the root of the conflict Source of unjust equality economic system Greater integration regulation would tend to perpetuate an unjust Solution destroy capitalism build toward one just form of social solidarity communism Edwin H Sutherland Differential association theory o 9 principles Sociological Community environment plays a key role in crime delinquency People socialized in disorganized neighborhoods are likely to have associations that will encourage criminal adaptations o But not limited to explaining lower class crime Crime is normal rather than pathological is learned in interaction with others Criticisms o Testability o Causal framework o Breadth Ronald Akers Social learning theory Incorporates operant conditioning 4 key elements that help to shape behavior social learning theory o Differential associations Process detailed by Sutherland o Definitions Apply to one s own attitudes Orientations rationalizations definitions of the situation other evaluative aspects of right wrong o Differential reinforcement Actual or anticipated consequences of engaging in specific behavior o Imitation Can occur independent of the learning process May just be for first time or exploratory behavior than it is for continued behavioral patterns Howard Becker Becker s outsiders the group outsiders o A special kind of person who cannot be trusted to live by the rules agreed on o Society views delinquents as outsiders while delinquents can view society as o Mis applications of the label Conformist Pure deviant labeled as deviants Secret deviant never caught Falsely accused do not do deviant acts but are labeled as a deviant Concepts Terms Condemnation and redemption scripts Condemnation scripts o Resignation to fate o Sense of being victimized by circumstances state o Substance abuse is to assume control they are doomed to failure anyway Redemption scripts o Near missionary zeal for serving a larger purpose o Past is recast as a prelude to their new calling renarratization o Identity is now rebuilt on their work lives relations with others Institutional Anomie Theory devaluation accommodation penetration Achievement orientation dominates o Self worth determined by net worth non monetary aims diminished o Earn at any cost o No stopping point in earning Individualism is the means o Success is to be earned by oneself o Others are competitors o Everyone is expected to compete 3 stages of economic ascendency o Devaluation Homeowner not homemaker has valued role Being a good student is not prestigious Stay at home dads labels o Accommodation Employers resist family leave Schooling sought to get a good job o Penetration Government is good if run like a business Movement of women into the workforce Teaching to the test in schools Primary and secondary deviance Primary deviance o Arises from a variety of sociocultural psychological sources o Offender often tries to rationalize the behavior as a temporary aberration or sees it as part of a socially acceptable role o Offender dos not conceive himself or herself as deviant they do not organize his or her life around this identity Secondary deviance o Precipitated by the responses of others to the initial conduct o Societal reaction intensifies progressively with each act of primary deviance The offender becomes stigmatized through name calling labeling or stereotyping Intense feeling expressed in a population about an issue that appears to threaten Those who start the panic when they fear a threat to prevailing social or values Person s self grows out of interpersonal interactions the perceptions of others People shaping their self concepts based on their understanding of how others Moral panic the social order Moral entrepreneur Looking glass self perceive them Bourgeoisie those with the power own means of production Bourgeoisie and proletariat Proletariat workers Differential association postulate 6 in Sutherland s theory 9 main points o Criminal behavior is learned o It is learned in interaction with others in a process of communication o Learning criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups o Learning includes techniques of the action direction of motives drives o Direction of motives drives learned from legal codes as being favorable or rationalizations attitudes unfavorable o We become delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of the law over definitions unfavorable to violation o May vary in frequency priority intensity duration o Behavioral
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