Violent and Property Crime Patterns difficulty of relying on the legal definition of violence o some violence is approve war execution self defense o other types are prohibited homicide vigilantism 1 Homocide 80 of victims and 90 of perpetrators are male most victims 18 24 50 happen in the cities most are intraracial roughly 85 committed by someone other than family 25 are victim precipitated initiator ends up dead victim offender overlap arrest records 2 Sexual Assault Rape nearly exclusive female victims poor young unmarried non white females more likely to be victimized about committed by someone known by victim slightly more than half are reported rates have been on the decline the past several decades 3 Aggravated Assault gun knife often used hands feet qualify as well accounts for 60 of UCR violent crimes unlawful action with purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury 4 Robbery gray area if it s a violent crime taking property by force or threat of force can t rob an inanimate object requires face to face encounter with victim many target drug dealers expanding use of credit cards serves as a deterrent those in which gun is used produce less physical harm 5 Burglary the unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony theft 3 step process 1 perceived threat 2 psychological encapsulation 3 crime offender looks for clues to determine that its unoccupied offenders develop sources which are worth breaking into black market to dispose of proceeds taking of a persons property without their consent with the intent of permanently 6 Theft depriving them of its use represents 2 3 of all property crime Classical School reaction to the state of criminal justice after Enlightenment based on religion with cruel punishments Pre modern understanding of criminality o Demonic perspective o Crime resulted from supernatural forces o Crime conceived of as a sin o Theological understanding o Corporal punishment burning exorcisms branding Legal Environment o Arbitrary and capricious justice o Sentence often depended on one s social status o Corruption was a problem o Judges had wide discretion in applying as much law as would suit their interest inconsistency Philosophy of Classical Theory o Thomas Hobbes and the social contract o Man is assumed to be a rational actor utility maximize 1 Deterrence Theory a Purpose of punishment isn t retribution its deterrence b To be a deterrent has to be swift certain and proportionally severe c Perceptual deterrent i Extra legal consequence loss of job social outcast ii Prior experience with CJ system impacts perception of likelihood of being caught resetting effect d Brutalization hypothesis argues that when states enact harsh penalties it has a societal impact devalue human life more crime as a result e An Essay on Crimes and Punishment 1764 i Cesare Beccaria founder of classical school ii Revolutionary document informed Constitution banned by Vatican iii 1st scientific approach to crime fruit of the Enlightenment iv ideas are at foundation of nearly all modern criminal justice a Cohen and Felson b Argues that certain things increase the likelihood of crimes changes in society i 3 things need to converge at place and time for crime to occur 2 Routine Activities 1 motivated offender 2 suitable target 3 lack of capable guardians ii iii iv changed at societal level increased opportunities to reduce crime have to reduce opportunity focuses mostly on safety of place 3 Rational Choice a Believes that criminals look at cost and benefits b Acknowledges that rationality is limited c 3 types of people Goody two shoes Deterrables Encouragables Biological Influences on Criminality somatotyping o ecto meso endomorph o everyone ranked 1 7 on these scales o mesomorph physical characteristics heavy chest predominance of muscle motor organs large wrists hands athletic build o corresponding temperament aggressive and assertive Genealogical Studies Early Genetics o The Jukes 1 00 descendants o Kalikak families 2 marriages with different outcomes feebleminded barwench respectable woman nearly all described as normal o Eugenics the promise of Good Genes Dalton social Darwinism popular social scientific platform pre WWII attempt to select populations with valued traits achieved through altering reproductive habits accordingly remedies for poor genetics the rancid fruit of determinism sterilization death the Final Soltuion Hitler and Mein Kampf Rebirth of Biological Criminology o Twin studies General findings correspondence between genes and criminality However could be environment background upbringing o Adoption studies For those adopted shortly after birth controls for the nature issue General findings correlation with criminality from weak to strong Adoptive father criminal Biological father criminal Both biological and adoptive father criminal Contemporary Biological Criminology o Evolutionary psychology o Crime is an adaptive response Parasite hosts o r K selection r quantity K quality cads vs dads cads ungentlemanly type dads investing time in kids family Biological Theories of Crime dealing with biological criminals selective incapacitation locked up undesirables mentally retarded disorders sterilization a lot of people began to step away because of punishment positivist scientific approach to scientifically find differences between criminals and non criminals biological predisposition to crime risk factor need sociological environmental trigger Lombroso o Believed people were born with certain characteristics that he measured through o Determinism once your born with these criminal attributes there is no changing o Early biological school o Criminals were atavists evolutionary throwbacks such as physical indicators that physical attributes what your supposed to be show they are criminals Psycho Social Theory IQ criminals are less intelligent score lower on IQ tests than non criminals o Could be poor education or socioeconomic status Personality certain traits that are higher lower in criminals o Personality types and disorders Glucks o Disorders closest link with antisocial personality disorder persistence of disregard for others o Personality disorders very difficult to treat o Antisocial no anxiety response o Treatment approaches focus on self interest selective incapacitation Intelligence tests catering towards certain assumptions r K Theory 2 species r and K assures continuation of species r species lives a short time produce a lot K species rear young
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