Feb 28th Notes 03 02 2011 Social Process Theories Part 1 Matza Delinquency and Drift 1964 Boys are still tied to normal society but o In some situations they can drift into crime o Use techniques to justify their actions Techniques of Neutralization o Denial of victim o Denial of injury o Blaming authorities o Appeal to group pressue Eli Anderson Code of Streets 1999 Long standing socially structured disadvantage in US cities Hopelessness alienation The code is an oppositional culture o Respect toughness physicality Street families vs Decent families code switching What are social process theories Emphasize criminality as a learned or culturally transmitted process Crime product of person s social environment Theories differ on how this happens o Social Disorganization o Differential Association o Social Learning Theory The Chicago School U Chicago Source of main social process theories The big guns of 20th c criminology o Human Ecology studying humans and their communities environment o Urban cities as a growing organism o Groups take over areas of cities o Invasion dominance succession Origins of Social Disorganization Concentric Zone Theory o Burgess Model of Chicago Neighborhoods o 1 Central Business District o 2 Transitional Zone recent immigrant groups deteriorated housing Shaw and McKay 1942 o Over time zone 2 always had highest crime o Social Organization SD neighborhood unable to realize common values or solve community problems Causes Population mobility Informal Social Control Neighborhood with high SD can t control its youth itself Delinquency Youths free to engage in unsupervised activities Assumption about Human nature o Need to be controlled from committing crime o Normally society does this o SD area people freed from controls Cultural transmission Eventually older youth pass delinquency on to younger teens Heterogeneity low SES Mobility SD Informal Social Control weakened Crime by delinquent teens older teens passing to youth Criticisms of SD social disorganization vague concept Too deterministic urban immigrants not just European anymore measurement patrol issues Recent Updates to SD Systemic Model o Clarifying SD o Sparse friend networks unsupervised teen groups low participation in organizations Collective Efficacy CE o Mutual trust social cohesion in neighborhood o Trusting neighbors to protect public space o Don t need close knit neighborhood to have CE Differential Association DA Cultural Transmission Learning o Assumption about human nature o Very different from SD Edwin Sutherland and DAT Began developing in 1920s Influences o The Adler Report 1933 o Worked with professional thieves DAT The Nine Positions 1 Criminal behavior is learned 6 delinquent when you have an excess of definitions favorable to breaking 2 through interaction with others 3 mostly learned from intimate personal groups 4 learn techniques and motives attitudes beliefs 5 direction of motives do do not favor legal code the law 7 varies in frequency intensity priority duration 8 learning process like we lean anything else 9 delinquency doesn t fulfill values of legit acts Follow ups to DAT Lots of critiques Ron Akers 1979 Explaining how we learn Not just from intimate others Mechanisms for learning o Differential association o Definitions o Imitation modeling o Reinforcement operant conditioning 03 02 2011 03 02 2011
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