ANTH 1102 1ST Edition Lecture 16 Outline of Last Lecture I. Native Americans vs. ArcheologistsII. Studying the BonesIII. ConclusionOutline of Current Lecture IV. Big Changes that Prefaced Origins of AgricultureV. Late Neolithic SocietiesVI. Effects: Health Trade-OffsVII. Concept of CultureVIII. What is culture?IX. EssentialismX. Cultural relativism vs. EssentialismXI. Culture is holisticXII. Culture is learned and sharedCurrent LectureNeolithic Revolutions (continued) and the Concept of Culture Big Changes that Prefaced Origins of Agriculture:1. Paleolithic: The peopling of the Earth (global human diaspora)2. Mesolithic: Climate change changes in subsistence and settlement patterns, the “broad-spectrum revolution”3. Neolithic: Adaptation through domestication, social complexity, permanent population centers- Domestication Effects Neolithic TechnologyThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Specialization of tools, potteryo Woven clothing—flax, cotton, woolo Food processing and fermentationLate Neolithic Societies:- Large settlements; high population density- Monuments with ceremonial significance- Social classes and hierarchy Evidence of social hierarchyo Elaboration of burials, grave goods, skeletal remains signs of hard labor and wounds Effects: Health Trade-Offs- Increased risk of famine Rise of agriculture depended on crop that depended on climate, etc.- Changing diets increased nutritional diseases- Changing exposure to infectious diseases (increased) From domesticated animals (ex. AIDS)- Changing patterns of labor- Social classes and social hierarchies affect distribution of resources- Jared Diamond on Agriculture—“Worst mistake in human history” Concept of Culture- Nacirema body rituals: Primitive; brutal; superstitious; irrational; unfamiliar An outsider’s description of aspects of American culture Nacirema = Humans What is culture?- Culture is learned; shared; transmitted; symbolic; integrated- “That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, andany other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” –Edward B. Taylor Essentialism:- Viewing identities as innate, uniform, or unchanging- Ex. “All Germans love schnitzel” Cultural relativism vs. Essentialism:- Cultural relativism is the principle that an individual human's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture- Understanding other cultures like an anthropologist- Opposite of essentialism Culture is holistic- Culture includes both the spectacular and the mundane in human life- Festivals, art spectacular- Wal-Mart, daily chores mundane Important to contextualize Culture is learned and shared- Enculturation- process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire values and behaviors appropriate or necessary - Enculturation unifies people based on common experiences and understandings Happens in family and school- Culture is learned: EnculturationNon-Human (Primates) HumansIndividual learning Individual learningSocial learning Social learningCultural learning**Means we learn to apply symbolic systems (ex. body language, writing)- Culture is shared, but… What about diversity within cultural groups? Worldview: view of reality; the nature of things; how the world works Ethos: a model of living; an attitude regarding the styling of one’s life- Culture is symbolic Symbolic thought is unique and crucial to cultural learning Symbols: words, things, images,
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