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UGA ANTH 1102 - Final Exam Study Guide
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ANTH 1102 1st EditionExam 3 Study Guide Lectures: ALL1. What is anthropology? Anthropology is the study of human diversity and change throughout time and space What are key concepts regarding the scope and focus of anthropology? 1. A holistic approach - Holistic means not limited by space, time, or a dimension of human experience. The study of the whole of the human condition: past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture. Considers the evolution of language and behavior in close living relatives. 2. A comparative approach - Insight of similarities and differences across cultures and time3. Society and culture – Society CultureOrganized life in groups Traditions, customs, norms, beliefs, behaviorsor any aspect of identityStructure and hierarchy Material manifestations of life (material culture)Material and interpersonal relationshipsThings that are learned, not inherited biologicallyClassical typologies based on survival and politicsEthnocentrism: way of evaluating people from your own cultural standpointCultural Relativism: analytical perspective to evaluate other practices from their perspective (no bias)4. Adaptation and variation – Changes (long term and short term changes) or adjustments an organism makes to cope with changes or challenging circumstances. Influences of biological and sociocultural anthropology What are the traditional sub-fields of anthropology? 1. Socio-cultural - (Cultural Anthropology or Ethnology) Study of living people and theirsocial, economic, and religious aspects; knowing how people produce meaning, and how they interact in virtual spaces, such as Facebook, Reddit, Twitter2. Archeology - Study of human diversity and change in past societies; excavation involved3. Linguistic - Study of relationships between language and culture, reasons behind word choice, evolution and cognition of language, body language, and how communication influences world views (stereotypes, power, etc.)4. Biological/Physical - Study of human variation and adaptation, biological development and health, and human evolution and their environments. Also studies of the cousins of humans, such as primate studies (study in diversity of species to help us understand biology). What are primary research methods that anthropologists use? FieldworkTypes of Fieldwork:I. Ethnographic - Fieldwork in which the researcher immerses self into another culture for a long period of time. Also called participant observation.II. Excavation - Excavation is the revelation of archaeological remains along with the process of handling and recording the remains. Goals include: Finding all evidence about the past that a given site holds Recording the location of that evidence with precision Careful to not distort the placement and context of archeological findingsTypes of evidence of the human past:I. Artifacts: anything or a piece of anything made by humans (tools, ceramics)II. Ecofacts: something natural, but has been altered by human activity (wood for a house)III. Fossils: organic matter that has been mineralizedIV. Features: artifacts that cannot be removed from a site (graves, cooking pits, cave paintings)To help determine context you must date a site, as in: Relative dating: determining the relative order of past events, without knowing the absolute age of an objects or site Can do this by analyzing stratigraphy (layers in the earth that show younger objects above older) Or by indicator artifacts, which are objects where the time period is known Absolute dating: finding the precise dates of an object or site Can do this by carbon dating or Radiometric age dating Anthropometry (study of the measurements and proportions of the human body) (for biological anthropology) Clinical methods (for biological anthropology) What are the principles of ‘biocultural’ anthropology? Biocultural: The mutual interaction between physical/biological and behavioral/ cultural factors, in which physical traits make certain behaviors possible, and behavior feeds backto influence physical traits“Biological Myth of Human Evolution” (Week 1 reading; theme summary):When studying human biology and evolution, you cannot separate evolution from human culture. Science and environment do not exist outside of culture. Humans studying ourselves means we seek knowledge about us. You cannot understand human biology today or in the past without culture2. Basic principles for understanding human adaptation, variation, and evolution What is adaptation? How (in what ways) do humans vary?Human Variation and Adaptation is a key concept in Anthropology: (see def. under question 1.1.4) It’s biocultural It has external features and internal features It’s in communities not genetic population NOT ALL VARIATIONS ARE ADAPTED (they are random too) Variation is due to interactions among factors like:  Geneticso Ex. Variation in height, genetico Such as Wadlow, an 8’1’’ man with a genetic mutation that allowed him to keep making growth hormones Environmento Ex. Variation in height, non-genetico “Growth stunting” could be caused by factors such as,o Nutrition, stress (emotional or social), prenatal Environment, chronic infections, intestinal parasiteso Environmental factors strongly influence genetic variationso Biological Plasticity: Changes in biology due to environmental changes or stresses Socioculturalo Ex. Variation in height, cultural/behavioralo Group level or individual behavior o Such as Paraca skulls and mummy’s head shapes resulting from “head binding”o Changes in anatomy due to corsetryAdaptation is a major source of human phenotypic variation:- Genetic changes (microevoluntionary) Acclimatization (non-genetic physiological changes; may be temporaryor permanent; can be inherited) ex. Efficient shivering, goose bumps, Lewis hunting cycles Individual behavioral changes (like putting on a coat)- Cultural (group-level behavioral) changes (Ex. drought)- Maintained or changed by selection, or based on preferences, accidents What is the role of culture in human adaptation? For times like during a drought, adaptation is shown at the cultural level (or group-level behavior) where people’s behavior changes to be more efficient with water. Another example is Paraca skulls and mummy’s head shapes resulting from “head binding” to show class power or when changes occur in the anatomy of women


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UGA ANTH 1102 - Final Exam Study Guide

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