ANTH 1102 1ST Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I. DenisoviansII. Modern Humans: H. sapiens sapiensIII. H. florensiensisIV. One species?Outline of Current Lecture V. Until 10 KYA, we were all “pure” foragersVI. Paleolithic Era VII. Modern foraging is nothing like foraging in the PaleolithicVIII. The “Neolithic Revolution:” Origins of AgricultureIX. Global Human DiasporaX. Peopling of the AmericasXI. Changes in the MesolithicXII. Origins of Agriculture: Neolithic RevolutionsXIII. DomesticationXIV. Evidence of Early DomesticationCurrent LectureThe Human Diaspora and the Origins of Agriculture Until 10 KYA, we were all “pure” foragers:- Foragering: Type of hunting and gathering; more inclusive of marine resources- “Pure foragers” had no agriculturePaleolithic Era:- Paleolithic = “Old Stone Age” 2.6 MYA-10,000 YA- Overlaps with late PleistoceneThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Began when H. habilis created first hand tool 2.6 MYA- No “pure hunter-gathers” left on Earth Modern foraging is nothing like foraging in the Paleolithic:- Politically disenfranchised people- Grow crop as other means of lifestyle than “pure” foragers- Reasons for Modern Hunter-Gathers: Not “living fossils” Live in states; but have no rights Market economy participants Adaptive in tough environment Important to identity Coping with poverty and discrimination- Agriculture is a recent practice in human history Changing the phenotypes of plants and animals The “Neolithic Revolution:” Origins of Agriculture - Prefaced by three BIG trends/changes1. The peopling of the Earth (global human diaspora)2. Climate change changes in subsistence and settlement patterns3. Adaptation through domestication Global Human Diaspora:- The global spread of humans in the Paleolithic (50 KYA-10 KYA)- Megafauna were on the move too near the end of the last glaciation- At least 3 waves of migration into the New World by Bering Land Bridge- Lots of gene flow occuringPeopling of the Americas:- By 13 KYA, Paleoindians and Clovis (and other) technology are widespread throughout the Americas Hunted Megafauna Clovis created “rippling” stone tools Changes in the Mesolithic:- Mesolithic = “Middle Stone Age”- Dates vary depending on location- Climate change, subsistence, and the broad-spectrum Revolution of the Mesolithic 12,000 YA: Glaciers receding and sea levels rising Drastic climate change changing ecosystems Broad-spectrum of food resource—forest, animals, birds, fish, plants (all exploited by humans)- More specialized tools and weapons are made for a broad-spectrum subsistence (by grinding not flaking)- Permanent and semi-permanent dwellings appear- End of nomadic speciesOrigins of Agriculture: Neolithic Revolutions- Neolithic = “New Stone Age”- Global transition from foraging to dependence on domesticated plants and animals- Increasing settlement size- Emerging hierarchical societies- Fine, polished Neolithic stone tools and axes- Massive burnings of forests, stones for houses, etc. = changed environment Domestication:- Evolutionary process whereby humans modify the genetic makeup of a population ofplants or animals - Ex. Dogs (12,000 YA) were the first domesticated animals (domesticated wolves)- Made safer, easier to harvest- Members may be unable to survive or breed outside of human assistanceEvidence of Early Domestication:- Wild Teosinte and Domesticated Maize Increased size of plant, seeds, and fruit Loss of natural seed dispersal Changes in pattern of seed germination- Wild and domesticated sheep Selective Breeding Altered sex and age ratios Decreased natural defenses Increased size itself or of body parts- Began when H. habilis created first hand tool 2.6 MYA- Neoteny: when adult things have baby characteristics Ex. Silver
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