Political SystemsPatterns of community management and relationsHow communities:Direct and manage public affairsThe relationships within a society and the relationship between societiesOrganize community protectionManage community survivalStructure extra community relationsManage economic concernsTypes of socio-political systemsBandSmall kin-based groupAmong foragers~100 people (rarely more)Most of the year they have much smaller groupsEgalitarian  everyone is largely equalBased on gender and/or ageExample: Inuit groups (Eskimos)TribeLarge kin-based groupHorticultural/ PastoralismSomewhat EgalitarianEX: KapaukuBig Man societySodalitiesNon kin-based organizationsAge and/or genderUsed to organize conflicts (to protect your community or to attack another community)Organize hunting groupsNomadic PoliticsOrganize grazing schedulesSmall groupsBasseriBig groupsQashqaiChiefdomA centralized polity with two or more groupsA single chiefRanked societyHorticulturalistsRedistribution economyEX: Polynesian chiefdomsSocial status based on kinshipDescentRankedPrivileged access to power, prestige, and wealthStateA centralized political systemSpecializedMakes laws and uses forceSocial stratificationMilitary structureState specializationsPopulation controlManaging, racking, and organizing populationsJudiciaryLaws as explicit codes for behaviorEnforcementSystem to enforce those lawsFiscalFiscal systemAll societies have some kind of fiscal systemUsually through tax and tributeElman Service’s TypologyThere is some overlap within these groupsPolitical ProcessSocial ControlParts of culture that actively maintain social interactionsInformal political institutionsInformal political processesNot based on legal code or processesPopular among band societiesBut it still occurs in all levels of societiesEX: Kuwaiti diwaniyasNeighborhood meeting hallsUsed to organize community needsVery informalEX: U.S. political partiesInformal political institution within our societyThere are no laws saying that we have to have political partiesPolitics and peersInformal processes of social controlWhat’s right vs. what’s wrongEX: MakuaChicken thievesHegemony, A. GramsciCultural behavior becomes “natural”How people behave and react to certain things becomes naturalHow ruling class maintain order in the societyResistance to controlPublic transcriptUse force, formal or informalThere is always going to be resistance to power***Systems of resistanceHidden transcriptPeasants tithe in IndonesiaPeople who are resisting the system, but not really working to change it*Political systems and Processes (what to know)Patterns of community management and relationsHow communities organize, manage, and protectDifferent types of systemsDifferent kinds of political processFormal and informalForce or threat of forceNonviolent forms of social control← Political Systems- Patterns of community management and relationso How communities: Direct and manage public affairs The relationships within a society and the relationship between societies  Organize community protection Manage community survival Structure extra community relations Manage economic concerns - Types of socio-political systemso Band  Small kin-based group Among foragers ~100 people (rarely more)- Most of the year they have much smaller groups Egalitarian  everyone is largely equal- Based on gender and/or age Example: Inuit groups (Eskimos)o Tribe Large kin-based group Horticultural/ Pastoralism Somewhat Egalitarian  EX: Kapauku  Big Man society Sodalities Non kin-based organizations Age and/or gender - Used to organize conflicts (to protect your community or to attack another community)- Organize hunting groups  Nomadic Politics Organize grazing schedules Small groups - Basseri  Big groups- Qashqai o Chiefdom A centralized polity with two or more groups A single chief Ranked society Horticulturalists Redistribution economy EX: Polynesian chiefdoms Social status based on kinship- Descent - Ranked- Privileged access to power, prestige, and wealth o State A centralized political system Specialized Makes laws and uses force Social stratification  Military structure  State specializations Population control- Managing, racking, and organizing populations  Judiciary- Laws as explicit codes for behavior  Enforcement- System to enforce those laws  Fiscal- Fiscal system - All societies have some kind of fiscal system- Usually through tax and tribute o Elman Service’s Typology o There is some overlap within these groups ←← Political Process- Social Controlo Parts of culture that actively maintain social interactionso Informal political institutions Informal political processes Not based on legal code or processes  Popular among band societies  But it still occurs in all levels of societies  EX: Kuwaiti diwaniyas  Neighborhood meeting halls Used to organize community needs- Very informal EX: U.S. political parties Informal political institution within our society There are no laws saying that we have to have political parties o Politics and peers Informal processes of social control What’s right vs. what’s wrong EX: Makua Chicken thieves o Hegemony, A. Gramsci Cultural behavior becomes “natural”  How people behave and react to certain things becomes natural  How ruling class maintain order in the society o Resistance to control Public transcript  Use force, formal or informal  There is always going to be resistance to power ***Systems of resistance Hidden transcript  Peasants tithe in Indonesia  People who are resisting the system, but notreally working to change it←← *Political systems and Processes (what to know)- Patterns of community management and relationso How communities organize, manage, and protecto Different types of systemso Different kinds of political process  Formal and informal Force or threat of force Nonviolent forms of social