ANTH 1102 1ST Edition Lecture 25 Outline of Last Lecture I. DefinitionsII. Karl PolanyiIII. Kula RingIV. The myth of barter (Graeber 2011)V. Scheme of reciprocitiesOutline of Current Lecture VI. How did Colonial Powers Control PeopleVII. Example: Legacies of Colonialism in African CountriesVIII. What is “International Development”IX. Who is “International Development”X. International Development: A Post-WWII PhenomenonXI. Modernization Theory (1950s-1960s)XII. Critiques of ModernizationXIII. NeocolonialismCurrent LectureColonialism: Scope, Processes, and Legacies (Continued) How did Colonial Powers Control People?1. Military Power Forced conscription, and corvée labor (slavery) “Gunboat Diplomacy” Conspicuous displays of military might2. Political Power and Governing Strategies Indirect Rule (British strategy) La politique des races (French strategy)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.3. Economic Power, Dual Economies, and Bureaucracy “Carrot-and-stick” strategies4. Propagating Colonial Ideologies Education; Missionization Control exposure to young Demonstration of colonial ideology in daily lifeExample: Legacies of Colonialism in African Countries- Manning says: Africa benefited from infrastructure, education, outlawed slavery, trade, technology, etc…- Rodney argues: the “Balance Sheet” for colonialism; if you look at the “Balance Sheet” colonialism is a “one-armed bandit”—it took more than it gave (Rodney 1972)- What does Rodney’s “Balance Sheet” look like in terms of the following? Healthcare? Banking? Natural resources? Class mobility? Distribution of wealth?International Development and Neocolonialism What is “International Development”?- Social action made by different agents who are trying to modify the economic, technical, political or/and social life of a given place in the world, especially in impoverished, formerly colonized regions- Interact thru images Who is “International Development”:- Governments, Governing Bodies, Financial Institutions- Private Capital (individual companies, foundations)- Scientists, universities, research institutes- Volunteers, service-tourists- Local communities- Activists- NGOsInternational Development: A Post-WWII Phenomenon- End of colonization; but countries keep a desire to maintain political and economic control in former colonies Colonialism Economic liberation Bretton Woods Institutions (1944) United Nations (1945)- Marshall Plan (1948-1952) Rebuild European economies Manage Cold War Politics in Europe- Global Cold War PoliticsModernization Theory (1950s-1960s): (based on a set of assumptions)Critiques of Modernization:- World Systems TheoryAssumption 1: “Traditional” social relationships (kinship, economy, religion, etc.) hinder “progress”Introduce Knowledge and Expertise (technology)Introduce new ideas and economic rationalitiesChange worldview, goals, and economicbehaviorAssumption 2: Cultural progress and economic growth Core = powerful center; rich countries Semi-Periphery = politically weak industrialized regions Periphery = Non-industrial highly extractive- Human Development (1980s-1990s)Neocolonialism:Colonialism Neocolonialism15th-20th century Since mid-20th centuryDirect control of area Indirect control of areaUnequal social relation Unequal social relationUndemocratic and exploitive Undemocratic and exploitiveExpansion of political and economic power of“Metropole”Expansion of political and economic power of“Core”(The Expansion of Power Control over “poor” countries)- Market Liberalization Foreign investment Market integration Structural adjustment Free trade policies (NAFTA, CAFTA)- Economic Globalization Making economies interdependent Promote non-local culture, language, and media Standardizing education and practices of
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