ANTH 1102 1ST Edition Lecture 21 Outline of Last Lecture I. How do social hierarchies operate?II. Sex, Gender, and IdentityIII. IntersexIV. Sex, Gender, and IdentityV. Cross-cultural variation in gender systemsVI. The Gender BinaryVII. Constructing the gender binaryOutline of Current Lecture VIII. SubsistenceIX. You can’t get something for nothingX. Costs (input factors)XI. More examples of Cost or Input FactorsXII. Which is better?Current LectureSubsistence and Production Subsistence:- Ways of making a living thru food production- Traditional classification: Hunting and gathering/foraging Pastoralism (herding/livestock production) Horticulture (small-yield crop production/low labor ex. maize) Agriculture (high-yield crop production)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.You can’t get something for nothing:- Inputs: land, labor, technology, and other forms of capital- Adaptive strategy: maximize benefit Two solutions:o Extensive: low costslow gross benefito Intensive: high costshigh gross benefits Costs (input factors):- Labor is not limited to one or the other. For example, harvesting and processing Madagascar nuts—labor-extensive foraging and labor-intensive processing- An example of intensive foraging would be the show Deadliest Catch- An example of extensive pastoralism would be raising cattle and goats; an example ofintensive pastoralism would be a factory farm- An example of extensive farming in horticulture would be Hatsky in Madagascar Techniques have multiple names: slash-and-burn, swidden, shifting cultivation. Steps involved in Hatsky:1. Access to land2. Clear (slash) an area of bush for the swidden3. Allow ‘slash’ to dry in a cleared swidden4. Use a controlled burn to clear and put nutrients back into soil5. Plant the swidden by hand6. Allow maize to grow and mature, then harvest7. After a few years of cultivation, a swidden lies fallow Costs and Yields for Hatsky: low inputs (labor and basic tools), low yield (enough to feed family)More examples of Cost or Input Factors:- Labor-intensive: Asian wet rice cultivation- Land-intensive: Peruvian potatoes- Technology and capital intensive: Dutch flowers- Machine and land intensive: Ukrainian wheat farmingWhich is better?- Extensive or Intensive Modernization discourse: intensive is always better! Anthropological viewpoint: depends on…o Access to input factors (land, labor, machinery,…)o Local environment, sustainabilityo Goals of production (feeding family? Storing surplus?
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