Jamaree FlonnoryJanuary 8, 2014Anthropology 1102 Test One Notes – February 10 th - Read Chapters 1, 3, 4(pages 71-80), and 13(pages 273-285)- Readings for next week Chapters 2, 13(pages 285-299)- Chapter 14 (302-321)- Chapter 5 (92-99)Anthropology is the study of human species and its immediate ancestors.- The study of human nature, society, and past: holistic and comparative. Anthropology Concepts:1. Culturea. Shared human behaviorb. A society’s socially transmitted ideas, values, and perceptionsi. Makes sense of experience ii. Reflected in behavioriii. Generates behaviorc. Present and past2. Evolutiona. Human biological changeb. Belief that species arise from others through a long, gradual process of transformationi. Genetic change over successive generationsc. Present and Pasti. Adaptationii. Human biological changed. Holistic Perspective – all facets of shared human behaviori. Trying to understand humans as a whole without being culture bound for comparative purposes3. Anthropology and Sciencea. Hypothesis testing4. Anthropology and Humanism a. Logical thinking b. Conceptual 4 Fields of Anthropology:1. Biological Anthropology – human variation, adaptation, humans in the past and the origin of humans, humans based on their biological traits2. Archaeology – the study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sitesand the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains3. Linguistic Anthropology – the focus on one cultural behavior: language. 4. Cultural Anthropology – the study of modern cultures and societies; shared behaviors that exists within groups of people.- Unity of General Anthropology o Historical reasons in the U.S. Franz Boas North American native people Culture and biology 1st 4 field anthropologist  History of racial categorieso Topical Reasons Human variation in time and space Culture and evolutiono FieldworkApplying Anthropology1. Academic Anthropology a. Grant and university research – hired by universities to teach or to do research; develops theories and generates understanding about human behavior and how people do things2. Applied Anthropology - anthropologists who apply anthropological knowledge outside of academia.a. Practical application on anthropological research – do not ask general anthropological questionsb. +The goal of applied anthropologist is more about how we influence human behavior and are looking for ways to fix particular issues and/or social conditions. Academic vs. Applied Anthropology- Historically always mixedo Pre WWII most anthropology was appliedo Academic anthropology grew afterThe 4 Subfields and Applied Anthropology 1. Cultural anthropology – i.e. Microsoft2. Archaeologist – Cultural Resource Management 3. Linguistic Anthropologist – State Board of Education4. Physical Anthropologist – Forensics Applied Anthropologists work in:- Education - Urban and rural areas- Medical fields - Business and politics- Developmental fieldsFieldwork and Anthropology - On location research o An extended period of time o Close involvement - Source of information o Data collection - Personal involvement - Problem oriented- Longitudinal – long term study based on repeated visitsArchaeological Fieldwork- Systematic Survey: provides a regional perspective by gathering information on settlement patterns over a large areao Survey large areaso Finding and locating siteso Answer certain research questions- Excavation: - removal of soil and other materialo Excavation compliments the regional surveyso Site mapped and surface collectedo Site subdividedo Excavate and sift: recovering and recording artifacts and/or features o Use this information to answer research questions and protect or describe cultural resourcesEthnographic Fieldwork- Ethnography – fieldwork in and about a particular living culture- Ethnographic techniques o Participant observation – learning a culture through social participation and person observation over a long period of time o Interviews – conversations that maintain rapport and provide knowledge o Genealogical methods – procedure to understand kinship, descent, and marriageo Key consultants – experts on particular aspects of local lifeo Life histories – a personal cultural portrait of existence or change in a cultureo Emic(inside, local) vs. etic(external) – comparison of local beliefs and perceptionsto the ethnographer’s beliefs and perceptionso Survey Research(etic perspective) – sampling, impersonal data collection, and statistical analysis American Anthropological Association: Code of Ethics 2012 - Do no harm when performing research - Be open and honest with the people- Obtain informed consent and necessary permissions from the people- Weigh competing ethical obligations- Make results accessible to the people you interact with, the people employing you, the government, etc.- Protect the information and records that you find- Maintain professional relationshipsFieldwork and Ethics- A set or system of moral principleso Problems involving contrasting systemso Issues with applying anthropologyEthics and Ethical Quandaries - Most anthropologists’ primary ethical obligations is to the people, species, and material that they study- Primary way this is done is through informed consent o People’s agreement to participate to the purpose, nature of the research, procedures done during the research, and the potential impact of the research. Culture Concept - Anthropological Definition - a set of learned behavior and ideas that humans acquire as members of societies- Culture consists of the abstract values, beliefs, and perceptions of the world.o Knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, customs, traditions, etc.o Language we speak, what we define as right vs. wrong, etc.o As humans we use culture to adapt to and transform the world in which we live.- Culture vs. cultures vs. cultured o Culture – the set of learned behavior and ideas that humans acquire as membersof societyo Cultures – the different sets of learned behavior between societieso Enculturation – the process by which culture is learned and transmitted across generations. Humans are not born with culture but with biological traits to adapt to culture.o Cultured – NOT an anthropological term Traits of Culture - Learned : passed between generations- Shared : located and transmitted by groups; culture cannot be something owned by one single person. - Symbolic :