ANTH 1102 1nd Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 14 27 Lecture 14 October 1 The Human Diaspora and the Origins of Agriculture Until 10 KYA we were all pure foragers Foragering is a type of hunting and gathering but more inclusive of marine resources Pure foragers had no agriculture Paleolithic Era Old Stone Age 2 6 MYA 10 000 YA Overlaps with late Pleistocene Began when H habilis created first hand tool 2 6 MYA No pure hunter gathers left on Earth Modern foraging is nothing like foraging in the Paleolithic Modern foragers are Politically disenfranchised people Grow crop as other means of lifestyle than pure foragers Reasons for Modern Hunter Gathers Not living fossils Live in states but have no rights Market economy participants Adaptive in tough environment Important to identity Coping with poverty and discrimination Agriculture is a recent practice in human history so is changing the phenotypes of plants and animals The Neolithic Revolution Origins of Agriculture Prefaced by three BIG trends changes 1 The peopling of the Earth global human diaspora 2 Climate change changes in subsistence and settlement patterns 3 Adaptation through domestication Global Human Diaspora The global spread of humans in the Paleolithic 50 KYA 10 KYA Megafauna were on the move too near the end of the last glaciation At least 3 waves of migration into the New World by Bering Land Bridge lots of gene flow was occurring Peopling of the Americas By 13 KYA Paleoindians and Clovis and other technology are widespread throughout the Americas People hunted Megafauna and the Clovis created rippling stone tools Changes in the Mesolithic Mesolithic Middle Stone Age Dates vary depending on location Climate change subsistence and the broad spectrum revolution of the Mesolithic 12 000 YA Glaciers receding and sea levels rising Drastic climate change changing ecosystems Broad spectrum of food resource forest animals birds fish plants all exploited by humans More specialized tools and weapons are made for a broad spectrum subsistence by grinding not flaking Permanent and semi permanent dwellings appear End of nomadic species Origins of Agriculture Neolithic Revolutions Neolithic New Stone Age Global transition from foraging to dependence on domesticated plants and animals Increasing settlement size Emerging hierarchical societies Fine polished Neolithic stone tools and axes Massive burnings of forests stones for houses etc changed environment Domestication is the evolutionary process whereby humans modify the genetic makeup of a population of plants or animals For example dogs 12 000 YA were the first domesticated animals domesticated wolves Domestication made animals Safer easier to harvest Members may be unable to survive or breed outside of human assistance Evidence of Early Domestication Ex Wild Teosinte and Domesticated Maize Increased size of plant seeds and fruit Loss of natural seed dispersal Changes in pattern of seed germination Ex Wild and domesticated sheep Selective Breeding Altered sex and age ratios Decreased natural defenses Increased size itself or of body parts Neoteny is when adult things have baby characteristics for example the Silver Fox Lecture 15 October 3 Film Bones of Contention Native Americans vs Archeologists In 1976 the 1st law in America was passed protecting Indian Burial sites Consequence Archeology is crippled by this law Native Americans argue that People have the right to stay buried so they wanted all previous bones that had been collected by archeologists to be returned to tribes The Smithsonian Agrees to do this in 1989 However they lost a very valuable database And reburying the bones would be like reburying the past Studying the bones The remains were collected from mounds and studied before the law was passed Some had tried to figure out level of intelligence between races by skull structure In return 4 000 skulls were collected for study The bones had genetic markers so they could be determined as Native American Determined tribe by skulls in order to send remains back to tribes The native Americans disapproved they were angry at scientific relationships rather they would uses their senses to determine it Through paleopathology the bones were able to retell stories by bone diseases Tracing the origin and transmission of diseases Ex Native Americans that lived by the Tennessee river were found to have signs of rheumatoid arthritis Looked at ancient bacteria Help address current help problems Lakota still see no benefit in doing this Bones were also the clues to how Native Americans spread across the continent The remains could allow archeologists to understand migratory paths taken by Natives into North America through tracing genetic defects visible in bones Native Americans disregarded the idea of migration they believed they were created on their land Conclusion The film contrasts the disparate ideas of the Indians and some archaeologists However some archaeologists have chosen to uphold Native Americans rights Some study the remains to allow Native peoples to reclaim important parts of their history The bones were studied and scientists offered their results in a beneficial form to the tribe then the remains were reverently buried There is an emotional impact on the Native American descendants when the burials are being dug up and inspected Main three perspectives 1 Scientists that argue the bones comprise important scientific data advantageous to Native Americans and their history must be preserved 2 Native Americans who disregard the scientific way of thinking and do not want to allow their ancestors to be apart of a scientific study want their ancestors reburied 3 Others who advocate for science but do things in respect of Native American traditions Lecture 16 October 8 Neolithic Revolutions continued and the Concept of Culture Big Changes that Prefaced Origins of Agriculture 1 Paleolithic The peopling of the Earth global human diaspora 2 Mesolithic Climate change changes in subsistence and settlement patterns the broad spectrum revolution 3 Neolithic Adaptation through domestication social complexity permanent population centers Domestication affects Neolithic Technology Technology advances by The specialization of tools pottery Woven clothing flax cotton wool Food processing and fermentation Late Neolithic Societies had Large settlements high population density Monuments with ceremonial significance Social classes and hierarchy Evidence of social hierarchy the