Anthropology 1102 Test Two Study Guide Definitions Behavioral Modernity fully human behavior based on symbolic though and cultural creativity Parietal v Portable Art Parietal is fixed art does not move Portable mobiliary Microlithic Tools small stone tools that they used to create other stone tools The Broad Spectrum Revolution foraging varied plant and animal foods at end of Ice Age prelude to Neolithic Domestication evolutionary process whereby humans modify either intentionally or unintentionally the genetic makeup of a population of plants or animal Anthropological Archaeology study of human communities through the material worlds they produce consume dwell and leave behind Main goal explain past human behavior Ethnographic Analogy interpretation of archaeological remains by comparing to historical cultures Achieved v Ascribed Status achieved status is one that is earned by the things that one do ascribed status is a title given based on who you are sex trait parental social status Aurignacian tradition Clovis Point spear head was the name given to the spear point Clovis first it should just date back to 13500 years ago researched and found artifacts 16000 years ago first theory many people don t report finding pre clovis artifacts because they get scolded for it they sulutrians could have brought to clovis point technological innovation site by 13 000BP Natufians Widespread Middle Eastern foraging culture 12 500 10 500BP They were involved with plant domestication collected wild grains lived year around in villages because in 6 months of the year they were capable of collecting grain lived in mud brick villages they stored the grain in storage units 12 500 years ago around 11 000 years ago the climate shifted to more arid conditions the range of environment that wheat grew naturally shrunk seeds transplanted to more viable areas they moved the seeds to the parts of their land where wheat would thrive this was INNOVATION they were balancing the possibility of failure that it wouldn t work with the idea of famine Chiefdom ranked society with two or three level of settlement hierarchy larger stratified populations class systems political and religious leaders The Aswan Dam was built as a way of protecting against the flooding of the Nile River The main thing to know is that its construction would have resulted in the Abu Sempel temple being submerged under water So they had to move the temple in order to keep it from being sunk It s just used as an example in the notes of how legal activities can affect archaeological resources Stallings Island located in GA earliest potter found in North America Jebel Sahaba Northern Sudan Egypt Mesilithic cemetery complex Chauvet Cave upper Paleolithic art parietal fixed France earliest paintings Social archaeology how people in the past lived day to day did some have more power status how did people relate Regional center redistribution and storage of goods rituals and religions external trade Archaic period dense human settlement in SE Effective broad spectrum hunting and gathering Blombos Cave Early evidence for symbolic behavior and creativity 70 000BP South Africa Eastern Agricultural Complex sunflower squash chenopod Mississippian Period Gre corn chiefdom warfare mound builders shared religious traditions Neolithic Demographic Transition Harris Lines nutritional deficiency arrest of hone growth Catal Hoyuk turkey Woodland Period wide use of potter bow and arrow domestication of plants elaborate burials Short Answer Describe the main difference between the two theories presented in Dr Birch s lecture that seek to explain the emergence of Behavioral Modernity Upper Paleolithic Revolution sudden dawn of creativity rewiring of the brain to permit language and complex thought Gradual accumulation of knowledge skills and culture occurring over hundreds and thousands of years But actually this it s a gradual process that sped up List two locations of Paleolithic cave art and explain the significance and meaning of these works of art What are some of the theories that have been offered to explain the purpose and significance of these paintings Chauvet Cave Earliest painting 30 000BP 300 paintings animals horses rhinos stags owls handprints abstract Lascaux Cave 18 000 15 000BP 2 000 figures 90 bones were reindeer but only 1 picture of reindeer that means they did not paint what they eat At some point people lived in this cave The shaft scene important because it was hidden away and difficult to interpret Theories of significance Magical and ritual related to hunting indicated places that people returned to List three lines of evidence that have been observed as indicative of early plant domestication What changes in characteristics of plants may be indicative of domestication PLANTS The increase in size of the plants reduction or loss of natural means of seed dispersal reduction or loss of protective devices loss of delay seed germination development of simultaneous ripening of the seed or fruit ANIMALS 1 change in skeletal structure 2 Size of the animals or its parts 3 age sex ratio females are being kept for breeding while males are killed for food List the scales of human societies discussed in lecture and define each of their primary characteristics 1 Bands egalitarian groups of hunter gathers mobile 2 Tribes segmentary societies kinship based groups usually farming people no formal political institution early Neolithic society is a good example 3 Cheifdoms larger stratified population class system political and religious people 4 States secular leaders social classes armies taxation laws expansive economics we live in a state society atm Describe the differences between the theories of human behavior presented by Thomas Hobbes and Jean Jacques Rousseau Thomas Hobbes Believes that human is naturally violent and competitive based on individualism we are all selfish and concern with ourselves We are unaffected by society state of nature removal of government Jean Jacques Rousseau Believes that human is naturally in the state of natural man and the thing that is corrupting the human s good nature is society state of nature removal of all cultural clothes includes beliefs languages and even understanding of ourselves What are the main differences between warfare in small scale societies and warfare in complex societies Tribal and Neolithic societies frequent skirmishes raids ambush all men participate much more likely to all die Chiefdoms and