ANTH 1102 1ST Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture I.Timeline of Hominin EvolutionII. Apes that Lived During MioceneIII. First Apes “We Think” Were Bipedala. Comparison of Human and Chimp BrainIV. Pliocenea. 3 Hominin GeneraOutline of Current Lecture V.Pleistocene: 2.5 MYA to 11 KYA VI. With increase in brain size, among hominins, there are trade-offs:VII. Big brains and bipedalism don’t mix, but…VIII. Mid-Pleistocene (1.8 MYA to 300,000 YA)IX. H. erectus 1.8 MYA-143 KYAX. Long Distance MigrationXI. Late Pleistocene (300 KYA-11 KYA)Current LectureThe Evolution of Hominin Intelligence Pleistocene: 2.5 MYA to 11 KYA (commonly referred to as the Stone Age)- Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania Early Pleistocene 2.5-1.8 MYA Many diverse stone tools found First evidence of material cultural Two Hominin genera lived at Olduvai:o Australopithecus/Paranthropus (robust)o Homo Habilis (earliest classification as Homo)- Australopithecus/Paranthropus (robust)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Huge Molars, heavy skull Sagittal crest (Mohawk of bone) sets Australopithecus/Paranthropus robust apart from earlier hominins Nuchal crest and Sagittal crest were muscle attachments for heavy chewing- Early Pleistocene 2.5 to 1.8 MYA A. boisei or P. boiseio 2.3-1.2 MYAo Powerful jawo Small brainedo Specialized teetho Diet of hard fibrous food (diversified folivore)o Bipedalo Unlikely to make or use stone toolsHomo Habilis o ~2.3-1.4 MYAo Increasing brain sizeo Generalized teeth = omnivoryo Likely scavenging behavioro Tool usero In comparison to Modern chimp ~330cc to Modern Humans ~1300cc, there is evidence of increasing brain size in Pleistocene ~520cc A. boisei ~640cc H. habilis With increase in brain size, among hominins, there are trade-offs:- Bipedal Blues-1. Chronic back acheso Organs are only supported by pelvis; creates large stress on back2. Complicated Birthso Babies’ heads are small in A. afarensis. However, humans have a small pelvic inlet relative to brain size, making birth difficult. Big Brains and bipedalism don’t mix, but…- We do get benefits like: Immaturity, “altricial” young with a long childhood, thus a longer learning period Social breeders: cooperation, alloparenting Critical learning periods, culture and language Developmental acclimatization The EVOLUTION in action of human social and cultural life Mid-Pleistocene (1.8 MYA to 300,000 YA)- Environmental changes; diversity in hominins- One genus many speciesH. rudolfensis ~1.9 MYAH. erectus ~1.8 MYAH. georgicus ~1.8 MYAH. heidelbergensis ~700 KYA-Hominins are “out of Africa;” moved to various global locations Are they one species or many? H. erectus 1.8 MYA-143 KYA- Nariokotome boy- “Java Man” (Trinill)- “Peking Man” (Zhoukondian) - ~1000cc- First to be more like us, than unlike us- Cultural difference: technology Acheulean “hand axes”- Made water rafts- Fire, dwellings, large game First ever to control fire Long Distance Migration- H. erectus spread across almost all of old world- One species or many?H. erectus H. heidelbergensis, 600 KYA-250 KYA H. georgicus, Dmanisis 1.8 MYAo Bipedal, but small and small brain (like H. habilis)o Outlier; anatomically like h. erectuso Descended from an early Pleistocene through migration Late Pleistocene (300 KYA-11 KYA)- One species or four? Denisovians, disappeared ~30 KYA Neanderthals, disappeared ~30 KYA H. sapiens sapiens arose ~200 KYA H. florensiensis (“Hobbits”) disappeared ~13
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