ANTH 1102 1nd Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 13 Lecture 1 August 13 What is Anthropology Anthropology is the study of human diversity and change throughout time and space Four Traditional Subfields 1 2 3 4 Socio cultural Cultural Anthropology or Ethnology Study of living people and their social economic and religious aspects knowing how people produce meaning and how they interact in virtual spaces such as Facebook Reddit Twitter Archeology Study of human diversity and change in past societies excavation involved Linguistic Study of relationships between language and culture reasons behind word choice evolution and cognition of language body language and how communication influences world views stereotypes power etc Biological Physical Study of human variation and adaptation biological development and health and human evolution and their environments Also studies of the cousins of humans such as primate studies study in diversity of species to help us understand biology Key concepts in Anthropology 1 2 3 A holistic approach Holistic means not limited by space time or a dimension of human experience The study of the whole of the human condition past present and future biology society language and culture Considers the evolution of language and behavior in close living relatives A comparative approach Insight of similarities and differences across cultures and time Society and culture Society Culture Organized life in groups Traditions customs norms beliefs behaviors or any aspect of identity Structure and hierarchy Material manifestations of life material culture Material and interpersonal relationships Things that are learned not inherited biologically Classical typologies based on survival and politics 4 Ethnocentrism way of evaluating people from your own cultural standpoint Cultural Relativism analytical perspective to evaluate other practices from their perspective no bias Adaptation and variation Changes long term and short term changes or adjustments an organism makes to cope with changes or challenging circumstances Influences of biological and sociocultural anthropology Lecture 2 August 15 What are the methods of Anthropology What is Biological Anthropology What are the challenges of conducting anthropological fieldwork Fieldwork of Anthropology Fieldwork is basic and applied research that can be done almost anywhere Examples include Historical fieldwork the interaction of blacks and whites in rural Mississippi during civil rights movement Media fieldwork Films and the introduction of taboo and social organizations Social fieldwork Internet digital spaces memes an element of culture or behavior Types of Fieldwork I Ethnographic Fieldwork in which the researcher immerses self into another culture for a long period of time Also called participant observation II Excavation Excavation is the revelation of archaeological remains along with the process of handling and recording the remains Goals include Finding all evidence about the past that a given site holds Recording the location of that evidence with precision Careful to not distort the placement and context of archeological findings Types of evidence of the human past I Artifacts anything or a piece of anything made by humans tools ceramics II Ecofacts something natural but has been altered by human activity wood for a house III Fossils organic matter that has been mineralized IV Features artifacts that cannot be removed from a site graves cooking pits cave paintings When we put evidence of the human past in context it helps us establish relationships among forms of evidence To help determine context you must date a site as in Relative dating determining the relative order of past events without knowing the absolute age of an objects or site Can do this by analyzing stratigraphy layers in the earth that show younger objects above older Or by indicator artifacts which are objects where the time period is known Absolute dating finding the precise dates of an object or site Can do this by carbon dating or Radiometric age dating Introduction to Biological Anthropology Research methods by biological anthropologists Ethnographic Anthropometry study of the measurements and proportions of the human body Clinical methods Excavation and examination of human remains Scope of biological anthropology Paleoanthropology the study of Hominin evolution human evolution is not linear past events and material culture and behavior Phylogenetics The study of evolutionary relationships Human Osteology The study of bones to help understand diseases life and society Paleoecology The study of fossils and geology used to recreate context of past Paleopathology The study of injuries to show evidence of violence infectious and noninfectious diseases Forensic Anthropology The study of applied anthropology in a legal setting identification of remains casework and experimentation by body farms labs with bodies donated to science Primatology The study of living species of non human primates Human Biology The study of health population and nutrition work with contemporary anthropology Biological Myth of Human Evolution Week 1 reading theme summary When studying human biology and evolution you cannot separate evolution from human culture Science and environment do not exist outside of culture Humans studying ourselves means we seek knowledge about us You cannot understand human biology today or in the past without culture Lecture 3 August 20 What are evolution microevolution and macroevolution What is phenotypic plasticity How does phenotype affect natural selection Evolution is change over time Microevolution is changes in the genetic makeup of a population The forces of Microevolution are caused by changes in gene allele frequencies in a population occur because of four forces Four forces 1 Natural Selection non random 2 Mutation 3 Gene Flow migration 4 Genetic Drift massive catastrophe Macroevolution is change on the scale of separate gene pools over time or space Forces of microevolution are forces of macroevolution Forms new and distinct species Speciation When Biological Evolution occurs I II III Changes occur in populations and between gene pools over time a Microevolutionary change within population b Macroevolutionary change between gene pools Changes are due to natural forces Change occurs in both random and non random ways Genotype is DNA or genetic makeup Phenotype is genotype plus environment Understanding Phenotype Variation may be