ANTH 1102 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 13Lecture 1 (August 13)What is Anthropology? Anthropology is the study of human diversity and change throughout time and space Four Traditional Subfields1. Socio-cultural - (Cultural Anthropology or Ethnology) Study of living people and their social, economic, and religious aspects; knowing how people produce meaning, and how they interact in virtual spaces, such as Facebook, Reddit, Twitter2. Archeology - Study of human diversity and change in past societies; excavation involved3. Linguistic - Study of relationships between language and culture, reasons behind word choice, evolution and cognition of language, body language, and how communication influences world views (stereotypes, power, etc.)4. Biological/Physical - Study of human variation and adaptation, biological development and health, and human evolution and their environments. Also studies of the cousins of humans, such as primate studies (study in diversity of species to helpus understand biology).Key concepts in Anthropology :1. A holistic approach - Holistic means not limited by space, time, or a dimension of human experience. The study of the whole of the human condition: past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture. Considers the evolution of language and behavior in close living relatives. 2. A comparative approach - Insight of similarities and differences across cultures and time3. Society and culture – Society CultureOrganized life in groups Traditions, customs, norms, beliefs, behaviors or any aspect of identityStructure and hierarchy Material manifestations of life (material culture)Material and interpersonal relationships Things that are learned, not inheritedbiologicallyClassical typologies based on survival and politicsEthnocentrism: way of evaluating people from your own cultural standpointCultural Relativism: analytical perspective to evaluate other practices from their perspective (no bias)4. Adaptation and variation – Changes (long term and short term changes) or adjustments an organism makes to cope with changes or challenging circumstances. Influences of biological and sociocultural anthropologyLecture 2 (August 15) What are the methods of Anthropology? What is Biological Anthropology? What are the challenges of conducting anthropological fieldwork?Fieldwork of AnthropologyFieldwork is basic and applied research that can be done almost anywhere. Examples include: Historical fieldwork: the interaction of blacks and whites in rural Mississippi during civil rights movement Media fieldwork: Films and the introduction of taboo and social organizations Social fieldwork: Internet, digital spaces, memes (an element of culture or behavior)Types of Fieldwork:I. Ethnographic - Fieldwork in which the researcher immerses self into another culture for a long period of time. Also called participant observation.II. Excavation - Excavation is the revelation of archaeological remains along with the process of handling and recording the remains. Goals include: Finding all evidence about the past that a given site holds Recording the location of that evidence with precision Careful to not distort the placement and context of archeological findingsTypes of evidence of the human past:I. Artifacts: anything or a piece of anything made by humans (tools, ceramics)II. Ecofacts: something natural, but has been altered by human activity (wood for a house)III. Fossils: organic matter that has been mineralizedIV. Features: artifacts that cannot be removed from a site (graves, cooking pits, cave paintings)When we put evidence of the human past in context, it helps us establish relationships among forms of evidenceTo help determine context you must date a site, as in: Relative dating: determining the relative order of past events, without knowing the absolute age of an objects or site Can do this by analyzing stratigraphy (layers in the earth that show younger objects above older) Or by indicator artifacts, which are objects where the time period is known Absolute dating: finding the precise dates of an object or site Can do this by carbon dating or Radiometric age datingIntroduction to Biological Anthropology - Research methods by biological anthropologists:- Ethnographic- Anthropometry (study of the measurements and proportions of the human body)- Clinical methods- Excavation and examination of human remainsScope of biological anthropology - - Paleoanthropology, the study of: Hominin evolution (human evolution is not linear), past events, and material culture and behavior- Phylogenetics: The study of evolutionary relationships- Human Osteology: The study of bones to help understand diseases, life, and society- Paleoecology: The study of fossils and geology used to recreate context of past- Paleopathology: The study of injuries to show evidence of violence, infectious and non-infectious diseases- Forensic Anthropology: The study of applied anthropology in a legal setting: identification of remains,casework, and experimentation by body farms (labs with bodies donated to science)- Primatology: The study of living species of non-human primates- Human Biology: The study of health, population, and nutrition; work with contemporary anthropology“Biological Myth of Human Evolution” (Week 1 reading; theme summary):When studying human biology and evolution, you cannot separate evolution from human culture. Science and environment do not exist outside of culture. Humans studying ourselves means we seek knowledge about us.You cannot understand human biology today or in the past without cultureLecture 3 (August 20) What are evolution, microevolution, and macroevolution? What is phenotypic plasticity? How does phenotype affect natural selection?Evolution is change over timeMicroevolution is changes in the genetic makeup of a population The forces of Microevolution are caused by changes in gene (allele) frequencies in a population occur because of four forces Four forces1. Natural Selection (non-random)2. Mutation3. Gene Flow (migration)4. Genetic Drift (massive catastrophe)Macroevolution is change on the scale of separate gene pools (over time or space) Forces of microevolution are forces of macroevolution Forms new and distinct species = SpeciationWhen Biological Evolution occurs…I. Changes occur in populations and between gene pools over time a.