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NOTES SECOND HALF (after the Midterm)ARCHEOLOGYAnnouncementsCh 10 (221-223)Ch 11Next WeekCh 12In Class Group discussion on ThursdayReading on eLCThursday Oct. 18thLecture TopicsArchaeologyCultural OriginsRise of Domestication and SedentismArchaeologyThe study of the human past through material remainsThinking about human behavior in terms of the human pastOrigins ofDomesticationSedentismAgricultureCivilizationArchaeologists are AnthropologistsThey want to know how and why people did thingsAbout the cultural past, heritage, and processModern heritages based off of past heritageThe study about human culture of the pastArchaeology is not historyGoals of ArchaeologyThere are three major goals in interpreting the archaeological record1) Reveal the form of the pastWhat happened2) Discover the function of the pastWhy did things happen?What were people doing in the past?What were peoples thought patterned in the past?3) Understand the cultural processesHow have people changed?Material RemainsArtifactsMaterial items that humans have manufactured or modifiedUsually someone else’s garbageBut not always someone else’s garbageBroken potteryCalled shirdsFind, record, measure, weigh artifactsSmall portion of the archaeology recordCultural FeaturesNonportable remnants from the past, such as a house walls or ditchesi.e. a hole in the groundCultural landscapesHuman made or modified environmentsMayan pyrmidsCultural OriginsEarly Homo sapiens sapiensPopulating the WorldReached Australia40,000 to 50,000 years agoReached the Americas30,000 to 15,000 years agoWhere the first people to really use cultureThe AmericanWaves of migrationMultiple!People move back and fourth between the New World and the Old WorldOldest evidenceMonte Verde, Chile14,000 years agoSemi-nomadic people, only lived at this location a couple months per yearClovis Tradition13,000-12,000 years agoA spear point used by big game huntersBy then we have a well established population in the New WorldEarly Living (300,000-15,000 years ago)Hunting and gathering life styleBig game huntingMammoths, large horses, bison, ect.Individual huntingFishingGatheringNomadic to semi-nomadicNot everyone was a big game hunter, some focused on fishing or small gameEarly Living (15,000 years ago)Broad spectrum foragingMiddle East / Old WorldPeople started expand the kind of foraging they were doingThings were getting warmer and more humidLed to a rich environment in some locationsNeolithic Changes15,000-10,000 years agoMajor cultural changes (global scale)Earliest Major Human Cultural AchievementsArtCreative use of interpreting, expressing, and enjoying lifeDomesticationHuman interference with reproduction of another speciesBoth in terms of plants and animalsControlling reproductionChoosing specific traitsOpposite of natural selectionSedentismSettled lifestyleLiving in permanent structuresBig shift in lifestyleCivilizationA society with an extensive social hierarchyCitiesSocial classesGovernmentPeople that do things that has nothing to do with foodOur sociality is what makes us so different from every other speciesHow did things change? How did these changes occur?FirstArtistic endeavorsEarliest 164,000 years agoIn AfricaCave paintingsDescribing what people are doingBecome more symbolic later onSecondRise of Sedentism and DomesticationOld World (Middle East) – NatufiansSedentism was firstDid not domesticate plants and animals until laterPeople started to move into permanent buildingsMade out of stoneNew World – Archaic culturesDomestication came firstBut they were still semi-nomadicThey moved each seasonThey gathered plants, and started domesticating those plantsSeasonal camps, turned into permanent settlementsThe First FarmersThe Neolithic ChangeFood productionDomestication of plants and animals1) Middle East2) Sub-Saharan AfricaRice3) China – 2 locations in ChinaRiceChickens4) Central Mexico (10,000 years ago)SquashTurkeysBeans5) South Central AndesGrain – kinuawhPotatoes!6) Eastern United StatesSun flowersSquashPlants Genetic ChangesProcess of DomesticationWild vs. DomesticatedSeedsWild: SmallerDomesticated: LargerJointsW: Weak joint, fall offD: Tougher joint, stay onEnvironmentW: In natural environmentD: Grown outside normal environmentNormal rangePollenW: Normal pollenD: Changes in pollenLarger in domesticated plantsSecondary reactionPlant DomesticationAccidentalMost productive plants get selected forGarbage heapsIntentionalPeople see these changes and purposefully plant wild varietiesSelect for wanted traitsEX: Tougher grainsAnimals Genetic ChangesProcesses of DomesticationWild vs. DomesticationSizeW: LargerD: SmallerNot always this way, but usuallyEnvironmentW: In natural environmentD: Outside natural environmentMorphological changesD: Some changes; thicker bones/musclesPopulationW: SameD: increased populationSex/Age RatioW: Normal sex/age ratioD: Abnormal sex/age ratioAnimal DomesticationAccidentalEarliest – dogsDogs split off from wolves about 130,000 years agoHumans and dogs evolved togetherHumans and dogs are both pack animalsWorked together when huntingIntentionalMobile food sourceCattle, sheep, pigs, and goatsPeople used to follow animals around, and started to domestic to make them more tameEarliest DomesticationThe middle east10,000 years agoWheat, Barley, Sheep, Goats, Cattle, PigsFood Production spread outEgypt’s Nile Valley – 8000 years agoEurope – 7000 years agoIndia – 8000 years agoThe New WorldFirst settled from AsiaDomestication10,000- 6000 years agoFew domesticated animalsEX: LlamasEarliest cropsSquashMaizePotatoesManiocDOMESTICATIONAnnouncementsReadings: Ch 12Group in class discussion #3Reading on eLCBonnichsen and Schneider 2001NEXT WEEK Tuesday, October 23rdIndividual Paper ProjectsStart thinking about itLook at the different topics on eLCLecture TopicsArchaeologyCultural OriginsRise of Domestication and SedentismRise of Complex SocietiesEarliest DomesticationEarliest domesticated crop was squashAfter that were maize, potatoes, and maniocEarly Farming to the StateFood production led toEarly farming communitiesIn the Middle EastJerichoMaintained that hunting and gathering lifestyle, while become sedentaryThings begin to get drier, and they couldn’t maintain the hunting/gathering lifestyle, so they began domesticating plants and animalsNatufien cultureIn MesoamericaOaxacaDomestication of plants began firstPeople were semi-nomadic, and would stay in seasonal campsIn those locations they domesticated


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UGA ANTH 1102 - ARCHEOLOGY

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