ANTH 1102 1ST Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I.Why do we study primates?II. 3 types of primate trendsIII. Primate Taxonomya. Prosimiansb. AnthropoidsIV. Apes (and Humans) are different from monkeys and ProsimiansOutline of Current Lecture V.HomininVI. Timeline of Hominin Evolutiona. Mioceneb. Pliocenec. PleistoceneVII. Important Trends in Hominin EvolutionVIII. Signs of BipedalismCurrent LectureHominin Evolution Part I: Bipedal Clues and Bipedal Blues Hominin:- Humans and extinct ancestor species since the “split” with chimps ~6 million years ago- Distinguishing Hominoids, Hominids, and Hominins, from broadest to narrowest: Hominoids - all apes; gibbons, gorillas, chimps, orangs and humans Hominids - all modern AND extinct GREAT apes; gorillas, chimps, orangs and humans, and their immediate ancestors (Not gibbons)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Hominin - Any species of early human that are related to humans more than chimpanzees, including modern humans- You are Hominin; just like you are a primate, but you aren’t an ape in the conventional sense You have important ape ancestry, but does not determine you Ex. You’re grandmother was mayor of Atlanta doesn’t make you mayor of Atlanta Timeline of Hominin Evolution:- Miocene (24-5.3 million years ago) Diversity of apes First bipedal ape (Hominins) - Pliocene (5.3-2.5 million years ago) Bipedal ape (Hominin) diversity- Pleistocene (2.5 million years ago-12 thousands of years ago) Increasing brain size and complexity Modern humans and peopling of the world Important Trends in Hominin Evolution:- Locomotion (bipedalism)- Cognition (brain size; structure) Based on fossil evidence, bipedalism comes before cognition Signs of Bipedalism:- Examples of fossilized creatures that are bipedal: Laetoli footprints (Tanzania) “Lucy,” a female Australopithecus afarensis who lived ~3.2 million years ago “Turkana Boy” a male Homo erectus who lived ~1.5 million years ago1. Angle of Foramen Magnum Where the spine and skull meet In bipedals the angle is 90-180 degrees relative to the orbital plane (obtuse angle)2. Pelvis Shape Quadrupedalismblade-shaped pelvis Knuckle-walkingblade-shaped pelvis, long-arms, heavy finger bones Brachiationblade-shaped pelvis, long-arms Bipedalismfan-shaped pelviso Erect postureo Protect viscera (guts)o Locomotion and balanceo Human male: broad; shallow; fan-shaped vs.o Chimp male: narrow; deep; blade-shaped3. Articulation of Femur and Pelvis In bipedalism, an acute angle between the trochanter and the iliac crest is good for balance Long femoral neck Humans: Long Chimps: short4. Knock-knees Low center of gravity Angle of femur
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