Lecture TopicsAdaptive StrategiesKinshipEconomic BehaviorAdaptive StrategiesForagingHorticultureUse the soil they have and when that is used up they move onAgricultureIntensive farmingMore complex toolsDomesticated animalsMechanizedIrrigatingTerracingElimination pestsCosts and benefitsIntensified environmentsincrease production of the soil they haveHort Vs. AgrThe Cultivation continuumHorticulturalists --- Industrial agriculturalistsOne end of the spectrum to anotherCultivating domestic plantsPastoralismSubsistence herdersBreeding and managing herds of domesticated grazing animalsMobile  animals moveGrazing animals cannot stay on one piece of land, because they will eat all of the foodPastoral nomadismWhen the entire group of people follow herds aroundEX: people groups in places of IranTranshumanceOnly select members of the group follows the herd  usually young malesThey have a permanent village and communityThey follow the herd to seasonal pasturesEX: European nomads and African nomadsPastoral groups do other things as well, ex: foraging for plantsBecause we need more than just meat to surviveIndustrial ProductionFactory productionCapitalismSocialismPeople who aren’t directly involved in the production of their foodModes of ProductionEconomiesSystems of producing, distributing, and consuming goodsBalancing demands, supply, and needsEach society defines demands and needs as culturally specificMode of ProductionOrganizing productionsOrganizing labor  who manages, who…Industrial vs. NonindustrialIndustrial  Buying and selling laborProduction in Nonindustrial PopulationsDivision of economic laborAge and genderChildren are not allowed to workOld people can retireThere is still some discrimination with genderBetsileo of MadagascarThere are 2 stages of rice cultivationPrepare the fieldYoung men run cattle around the field to break out the dirtThen older men break up the dirt even furtherYoung and middle age women takes transplanted rice plants and plant them into the fieldHarvesting of the riceCultivationYoung men cut the riceYoung women carry the rice stocks back to the homeMiddle age women start the process of getting the rice off of the plantMiddle age men finish this processOlder men and older women gather up all of the riceMeans of productionMajor productive resources necessary for productionLand, labor, technologyIn Industrial societiesWe do not own are own laborWe sell our laborWe are less connected and more specializedWe only have one job, and that’s pretty much all we know how to doNonindustrial societiesMore closely connectedLinked through kin organizationLess specializedEveryone works together to accomplish the main goal  usually food productionTwo economic anthropology questionsWhat motivates people in different cultures?What do people spend their money on?Classic Western Economic TheoryEconomizingRational allocation of scarce resources to particular usesIdea that we can only produce “so much”We have limited resources, but unlimited wantsMaximizingTrying to gain the largest margin of individual profitMaximizing our individual profitMaximize the amount of resources that we can getAlternative EndsPeople of nonindustrial societies don’t just think of themselves and their individual resourcesFunds:Subsistence fundsReplacement fundsThings have to be replacedSocial fundsCeremonial fundsThings produced for the community as a wholeEX: Ceremonial feastsRent fundsWhen someone doesn’t own the land they cultivatePaying someone else for what you are usingHow are economies organized in different societies?Industrial vs. nonindustrial societies have extremely different economic organizationDistribution and exchangeOrganization of economiesThree Exchange SystemsMarket principleExchange of goods and services with a standardized value (with money)Dominate in North AmericaRedistributionCentrally redistributed goods throughout a communityEX: Community feast  collects food and redistributes it throughout the landEX: this occurs in chiefdomsReciprocityThe exchange of goods and servicesThree types:Generalized  unequal values (good?)Ex: gift-givingParents spend a lot more money on their kids gifts, than the kids spend on their parents giftsBalanced – equalBartering and exchangeTradingBoth sides are looking for an equal outcomeBoth sides feel like they have gotten what they wantedEx: flea markets, garage salesNegative – unequal (bad?)One of the parties do not get what they want out of the exchangeEx: Cattle Rushing  SudanSteeling someone’s cattleOne-sided  one of the parties believes that they got the better dealEX: Used-car salesmen: they are trying to get you to pay more for the car than it is worthCoexistence of exchange principlesTaxes  redistribution systemWe pay for government services  police and fire department, military protection, construction, ect.PotlatchingFestive eventAmong tribes of the Northwest Coast of North AmericaBig community celebrationFeasts  life events (birth, death, marriage, holidays)They would invite some other communities to the celebration, and give away everything they hadConspicuous consumption?What they couldn’t give away they destroyedThey did this to gain prestigeWhy were these people potlatching?What motivated exchange?Profit?Individual versus group?Why would you destroy all of your wealth?Adaptive mechanismRedistributed wealth within the communitiesInvited communities that did not have enough to support themselves for that yearThe communities that through the parties had a surplus of goods for that yearCreated alliances← Lecture Topics - Adaptive Strategies- Kinship- Economic Behavior←← Adaptive Strategies- Foraging- Horticultureo Use the soil they have and when that is used up they move on- Agricultureo Intensive farming More complex tools Domesticated animals Mechanized Irrigating Terracing Elimination pests Costs and benefits Intensified environmentso increase production of the soil they have- Hort Vs. Agro The Cultivation continuum Horticulturalists --- Industrial agriculturalists One end of the spectrum to anothero Cultivating domestic plants- Pastoralismo Subsistence herders Breeding and managing herds of domesticated grazing animals  Mobile  animals move  Grazing animals cannot stay on one piece ofland, because they will eat all of the food Pastoral nomadism When the entire group of people follow herds around EX: people groups in