February 14 2013 Primates Primate Tendencies Study of nonhuman primates Primatology Two important kinds Terrestrial monkeys Most closely related to people Primates primitive traits 1 grasping 2 Stereoscopic sight 3 Tactile senses 4 Brain body size ratio 5 Parental investment 6 Sociability Primate Suborders Primate order has two suborders 1 Prosimians 2 Anthropoids monkeys and apes Anthropoid suborder has two infraorders Anthropoid Infraorders 1 New World monkeys Brachiate Prehensile tail Lack full color vision 2 Old World monkeys and apes Catarrhines Full color vision Both terrestrial and arboreal Significant distinctions exist Arboreal Much smaller Little sexual dimorphism Terrestrial Larger Greater sexual dimorphism Catarrhines Old World Monkeys and Apes Two superfamilies within infraorders of Catarrhines Apes Old World Monkeys Hominoidea Apes Three Hominoid families 1 Hylobatids gibbons siamangs 2 Pongids orangutans 3 Hominids gorillas chimps humans hominins bipedal apes Gorillas Mostly terrestrial Large 400 pounds Social Organization 3 subspecies Mountain gorillas Western gorillas Eastern gorillas Chimpanzees Two species 1 Common 2 Bonobos Social organization Hierarchical common Little conflict bonobos Hominins Humans One living species mostly terrestrial Apes Anatomically Modern Humans AMH social organization Scientific Name Primate Anthropoid Catarrhine Hominoid Hominid Hominin Homo Sapien Sapien Monday February 17 2014 Lecture 18 Humans and non Human primates Origins of behavior Similarities learning Behavioral not genetic Tool usage predation and hunting aggression Differences Sharing and cooperation Mating and kinship Miocene Missing Link Pierolapithecus Catalaunicus Toumai Orrorin Tugenesis 6 7 milion year old skull 6 million year old fossils Hominin Evolution three genera Hominins tribe of bipedal primates i e Humans eleven species Four Trends Bipedalism walking upright on two feet Dental Changes Jaw reduced size altered shape Cranial Capacity Expanding area in the hominin cranium brain body ratio increasing over time February 21 2014 Lecture 20 In East Africa Homo habilis Large cranial capacity 510 750 cm3 changing teeth complicated evolutionary appearance associated with tools Pliocene 5 2 mya Why increasing cranial capacity environmental change diet change 1 first use of stone tools Oldowan tools chooper pebble tools H Habilis 2 Language Early Homo Homo Erectus 1 7 to 07 mya increasing cranial capacity 600 1000 cm3 smaller teeth increased bipedalism larger more robust increased sexual dimorphism Increasing mobility Out of Africa H Erectus first hominin found outside of Africa Homo Sapiens 300 000 28 000 ya 300000 ya to present three subspecies H sapiens Archaic H sapiens sapiens 195 000 present H sapiens neandertalensis 130 000 35000 ya Marked by Full bipedalism Increasing cranial capacity 195000 ya to present originating in Africa found everywhere Larger cranial capacity 130 cm3 loss of browridge prominent forehead H sapiens archaic Homo sapiens sapiens February 24 2014 Lecture 21 Human Variation Biological Diversity Explaining the human phenotype Evolutionary adaption Bipedalism Human biological plasticity Why populations look different Adapting to specific environmental stimuli Creates phenotypic differences Blood types Sickle cell Malaria ABO Blood types O type A type B type Syphilis resistance Bubonic plague resistance Smallpox resistance Facial Features Thomson s Nose rule Large long nose cold weather Short flat nose warm weather Teeth Large teeth grittier food Allen s Bergman s rules Climate temperatures Hot climates More body surface Cold climates Less body surface short round High Altitudes Andes More efficient blood Low birth weights Himalayas Enlarged lungs Altered placentas Skin Color Melanin Darker skin more protection against skin cancer and sunburn Lighter skin greater ability to form Vitamin D Skin color is relative to proximity to equator What Is Race Biological Definition Isolated subdivision of a species based on common ancestry and biological traits Skin color has a clinical distribution Populations vary with no breaks Gradual shift in genetic traits not reproductively isolated Highly Problematic Definition Race and History Racial Categories Johann Friedreich Blumenbach 1795 Caucasoid white Mongoloid yellow Malayan brown Negroid Black American red Anthropology defined races Race and Anthropology Justification for Slavery WW II Holocaust Segregation South African Apartheid February 26 2014 Lecture 22 race is not a scientific categorical system Does not explain Human Biological Differences greater biological variation within the races than between Race does exist But is a cultural construction US construction of race Hypodescent rule children are categorized into the minority parent s racial group it is an ascribed status and does not change Different cultures categorize race differently Brazil idealized as heterogeneous multiple racial categories 40 races What we know about race Race is a classification of peoples based on presumed biological similarities and differences Does not work as a scientific categorization o It s a culturally constructed category Instead anthropologists see human variation What about Ethnicity Race and ethnicity overlap Ethnicity Identification with an ethnic group Self identified Identified by others Individual and group identities based on o cultural descent o biological descent o historically known origins o shared language o shared sense Is a cultural construction March 3 2014 US Census Categories Race Ethnicity only since 1990s Hispanic Non Hispanic The term ethnicity was thrown out of the census in 2000 and was now replaced with Spanish Hispanic Latino or NO This is meant to split up government resources Prior to 2000 you could only pick one race on Census Post 2000 you are now able to pick more races The Census reflects how people think about themselves Caucasian is not a real word Federally it is white There is a reflection of we think How we think about these is not 100 correct Middle Easterners are considered white Between 2000 and 2010 there was a 25 jump in white classifications Some other race isn t justifiable because how would funding be split up What we now know about race US cultural ideas about ethnic and race categories are imprecise Racial divisions continue Cultural categories Differences and hierarchies Part of everyday behavior Both race and Ethnicity are cultural constructs The study of the human