ANTH 1102 1ST Edition Lecture 20 Outline of Last Lecture I Social Hierarchies II What is social stratification III Classic Period 250 950CE Mayan social organization IV Example The caste system in pre colonial Madagascar V Why study social stratification VI Social Class Classic US Model VII How do social hierarchies operate How are they organized Outline of Current Lecture VIII How do social hierarchies operate IX Sex Gender and Identity X Intersex XI Sex Gender and Identity XII Cross cultural variation in gender systems XIII The Gender Binary XIV Constructing the gender binary Current Lecture Social Stratification and Gender Continued How do social hierarchies operate Maintaining hierarchy by controlling culture ideas and ideology Cultural Hegemony Antonio Gramsci the domination of a culturally diverse society by the ruling class who manipulate the culture of the society the beliefs explanations perceptions values and more Folklore and ritual Pop culture These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Formal Education Religious institutions Economic Institutions Political society norms Civil society norms ex family household Sex Gender and Identity Sex is a biological variation Differences in sex o Chromosomal XX or XY etc o Body size o Skeletal system o Body tissues o Structural differences in internal organs o Development and maturation Sex determination has 5 primary factors Sexual dimorphism with exceptions intersex Ex anglerfish high level common pheasants Apes high level Chimpanzees low moderate level Humans have low level of sexual dimorphism Ultimate causation in evolutionary perspective variation may be due to o Male male competition for social dominance o Sexual selection o Division of labor Proximate causation dimorphism also reflects phenotypic plasticity o Sociocultural forces o Dietary favoritism o Division of labor workload o Gene environment interactions during growth Intersex Not transgender not hermaphrodite independent of sexual orientation Genetic sex and phenotype do not match 2 of births Variation in sex characteristics that do not conform to expectations for males and females Sex chromosomes Sexual anatomy and tissues Hormonal variation Sexual development Sex Gender and Identity Sex is a biological variation Gender is a sociocultural system three dimensions significant to identity Social sex roles gendered norms Gendered diversity and stratification Psychological gender Cross cultural variation in gender systems Native North America Two Spirits Individual houses both masculine and feminine aspects Social roles varied Example Mohave alyha Imitate aspects of female life unique status Healers shamans Example Juschit n de Zaragoza Three normative genders men women and Muxes Example Madagascar Tsarilahy false boy Tsariampela full women The Gender Binary gender system Our society s main gender system Sex and gender conflated collapsed into two social categories Hierarchical Value attached to norms o Psychological identity o Sexuality o Labor behavior Heteronormativity heterosexual is the default norm Men dominant positions Social conformity to binary gender norms is necessary Pervasive belief that binary genders have natural and innate roles in Women Nurturer society Deviation Deviance Constructing the gender binary Gender based colors Pink Girls Blue Boys Example What are little girls made of Sugar spice and everything nice Example What are little boys made of Snakes snails and puppy dog tails
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