Baby Bio Test 4 Human Reproduction Ch 1 Reproductive System Anatomy Adrogenital Syndrome condition caused by excess secretion of male hormones by the adrenal glands Ampulla widened portion of the vas deferens that acts as the prime storage Bartholins glands two small mucus producing glands located on either side Circumcision removal of the prepuce Clitoris small erectile structure located beaneath the prepuce that is very Corpora cavernosa clitoridis two columns of erectile tissue within the o Corpora cavernosa penis two side by side columns of erectile tissue Corpus spongiosum penis erectile tissue surrounding the urethra in the Cowpers glands pea shaped glands that secrete musuc into the urethra area for sperm cells of the vaginal orifice sensitive clitoris in the penis penis before ejaculation Ejaculatory ducts narrowed portions of the male reproductive tract where the vas deferens join the ducts of the seminal vesicles Endometrium muscous membrane lining of the inner surface of the uterus Epipidymis comma shaped structure that receives sperm cells from the testes Fallopian tubes short tubes also called ovidcuts that connect the ovaries to the uterus Fimbriae fingerlike projections that form a fringe around the entrance to a fallopian tube Genitalia external and internal reproductive structures Glans penis the very sensitive structuce at the end of the penis Hormones chemical substances produced in specialized structures that travel throughout the body via the bloodstream to influence specific tissues Hymen membrane that can cover the vaginal orifice to various degrees Labia majora two folds of tissue lying on either side of the vaginal orifice to form the outermost borders of the vulva Labia minora two thin folds of tissue that lie within the labia majora and enclose the vestibule of the vagina Leydig cells hormone producing cells of the testes Myometrium muscular layers of the uterus Ovaries paried structures located in the pelvis that produce eggs and female hormones Perimetrium outer covering of the uterus Prepuce skin cut during circumcision Prostate gland gland that surrounds the outlet of the bladder and secretes thin fluid into the urethra during ejaculation Seminal vesicles saclike structures connected to the vas deferens at the ejaculatory ducts that produce thick fluid that forms part of semen Urethra canal for discharge of urine that extends from the bladder to outside the body In male the urethra carries semen out of the body Urethral orifice outlet of the urethra located in the vestibule of the vagina Uterus hollow muscular pear shaped structure that contains and nourishes the developing embryo and fetus Notes Even though genetic sex is established at fertilization the influence of sex determining chromosomes is not evident until approx 7 weeks Sexual differenation begins with the gonads testes or ovaries Reproductive System Anatomy Testes produce two different hormones o Testosterone induce all male structures seminal vesicles vas deferens epipidymis to develop from the Wollffian ducts as well as external structures penis scrotum o Anti Mullerian hormone degress Mullerian ducts Prior to the testes or ovaries appearing men and women have Wolffian ducts and Mullerian ducts The anti mullerian hormones in males causes the Mullerian ducts to regress so no female structures form In the female the Mullerian ducts become the female structures oviducts uterus and portion of the vagina Although males and females are different at birth their reproductive structures develop from the same tissue Homologous structures The presence of male hormones before birth causes the fetus to develop male structure and the absence of male hormones causes the fetus to develop female structures Homologous Structures Male structures Female structures Scrotum Penis Testes Labia Majora Clitoris Ovaries Cowpers gland Bartholins glands There is condition where the female fetus is exposed to prenatal male hormones and have male like genitalia at birth adrenogenital syndrome o Their external genitalia consists of an enlarged clitoris and fusion of majora and minora so there is no vaginal opening Androgen insensitivity syndrome is where cells of the male body are insensitive to the testosterone so the Wolffian ducts do not become the internal male genitalia External Structures of the Male External organs are the PENIS and SCROTUM The penis is composed of three cylinders bound together by fibrous tissue o Corpora cavernosa penis o Corpus spongiosum penis o Urethra contained within the corpus spongiosum penis These tissues are supplied by an extensive network of blood vessels and nerves In 1998 the drug Viagra was introduced to treat erectile dysfunction NO CHANGES IN HORMONE LEVELS OCCUR WITH VIAGRA The scrotum is a pouch that contains the testicles at about 98 6 degrees F The sperm producing cells are sensitive to temperature so when they are exposed to temperature greater than the body temperature normal sperm production stops Studies in Africa suggest that circumsized males were less likely to become infected with HIV Internal Structures of the Male Internal structues are TESTES EPIPIDYMIS PROSTATE GLAND COWPERS GLAND VAS DEFERENS SEMINAL VESICALES AND EJACULATORY DUCTS Semen is a mixture of sperm from the testes and a thick mucus like fluid Testes produce sperm and male hormones and contain two tissues o Seminiferous tubules sperm production o Leydig cells production of male hormones The epipidymis is a comma shaped structure that curves over the upper end of the testis cut o Developed sperm cells move from the testes to the epididymis where they learn to swim then move to the vas deferens The vas deferens runs from the tail of the epididymis behind the bladder o In a method of contraception called a vasectomoy the vas deferens is The seminal vesicles produce a mucus like material containing fructose and protein which provide important nutrients for the sperm cells The ejaculatory ducts open into the portion of the urethra that passes through the prostate gland The urethra carries sperm from the ejaculatory ducts to the tip of the penis and urine from the bladder to the tip of the penis The prostate gland lies beneath the bladder secretes a thin milky fluid that protects the sperm The cowpers glands are located on each side of the urethra and they empty their mucous secretion during sexual excitation External Structures of the Female The external structures are VULVA labia majora labia minora
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