BSC 1005 1 1 The characteristics of green plants 1 They re green 2 They re structured 3 They reproduce 1 2 How organisms are named Organisms are named according to the binomial system genus species They are given a two word name to identify the type of organism they are 1 3 How organisms are classified Organisms are classified today based on their evolutionary genetic relatedness not just physical features The more closely related two organisms are the more similar they are genetically 1 4 The Groupings of life 1 Kingdom 2 Phylum 3 Class 4 Order 5 Family 6 Genus 7 Species King Plays Chess On Fine Glass Stools The Five Kingdoms of life 1 Bacteria 2 Animals 3 Fungi 4 Protists 5 Plants 1 5 Life appeared at the following times 1 Life appeared bacteria first 3 5 billion years ago 2 Photosynthesis evolved 3 billion years ago 3 More complex organisms evolved from bacteria protists 1 5 billion years ago 4 Green land plants evolved 1 billion years ago Animals are more closely related to fungi than they are to plants 2 1 Cell theory 1 All living things are composed of cells 2 Cells are the basic unit of life 3 Cells arise from preexisting cells that divide into new ones Composition of cells 1 Surrounded by cell membrane 2 Contain nucleus and cytoplasm 2 2 Differences between animal and plant cells 1 Plants have cells walls 2 Plants have chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll Photosynthesis takes place in the cytoplasm 2 3 What is the function of the cell wall 2 4 The chemical reaction photosynthesis CO2 H2O C6H12O6 O2 Sunlight energy The function of the cell wall is to protect and to provide rigidity and structure Where CO2 carbon dioxide H2O water Light energy is required C6H12O6 glucose sugar O2 oxygen Photosynthesis is the reaction that makes life possible it brings carbon into a form that can be used by our bodies and it converts sunlight into an energy form that organisms can use 2 5 The Carbon Cycle CO2 in atmosphere Cellular respiration Photosynthesis Consumers animals Animals obtain carbon by eating plants and they get their energy by digesting the plant materials and breaking them down to CO2 Water through cellular respiration The CO2 released by animals goes back to the atmosphere to be used again for photosynthesis by plants Chemical reaction respiration C6H12O6 O2 CO2 H2O Energy 2 6 Xylem and Phloem Systems Xylem transports water from roots to rest of plant Phloem transports sugars from leaves to non photosynthetic parts of plant roots 2 7 What is transpiration What is its relation to photosynthesis Transpiration Movement of water from the roots to the leaves and then out to the atmosphere If transpiration occurs when the soil is dry the plant will wilt and die because it cannot take up CO2 and therefore photosynthesis stops 2 8 Guard Cells and Stomates Guard cells cells that surround the stomate They can swell shrink to open close the pore Stomates pores in leaves where water is released When the stomates are open water escapes But in dry soil the guard cells shrink closing the stomates This results in the plant losing less water and there is less transpiration 2 9 Cellulose Cellulose molecule in cell walls that provides most of their strength It is composed of rods of chains of sugar that are highly resistant to being broken down 2 10 Hypothesis and Theory 3 1 Basic parts of a plant Hypothesis educated guess about natural phenomena Theory has undergone experiments it is known to be true Gravity cells Know shoot root system stem leaf petiole lateral root 3 2 Growth of a plant 3 3 Perennial Plants 3 4 Shoot tip 3 5 Parts of a flower Growth in a plant s length is due to cell division in the shoot and root tips Perennial plants are plants that live more than one year They grow in width by means of cell division in the body of the stem and root The shoot tip makes the cells of the shoot as well as the leaves and lateral buds A flower is a modified shoot tip 3 6 Reproductive parts of flowers Egg female reproductive part produced in ovule Sperm male reproductive part produced in pollen 3 7 Difference between pollination and fertilization Pollination The transfer of pollen to the stigma Fertilization Fusion of the sperm and egg to make the next plant generation 3 8 What happens after fertilization 1 The egg becomes the embryo 2 The ovule becomes the seed 3 The ovary becomes the fruit 3 9 Parts of a seed The endosperm is a patch of tissue surrounding the embryo and providing it with nutrients The cotyledon is a modified leaf that stores nutrients for the embryo The function of a flower is to ensure that pollination occurs 4 1 Function of a flower 4 2 Wind pollinated flowers 1 Small or no petals 2 lots of pollen produced 3 large stigma 4 3 Animal pollinated flowers 1 produce attractants colorful petals and scents 2 produce rewards sugary nectar and pollen 4 4 Various animals and pollination Bats nocturnal moths pollinate plants whose flowers open at night Usually white or dull colored with musty or fruity odors Moths only nectar Bats pollen and nectar Bees like plants that are colorful and smell good Flies like plants that smell like rotting meat 4 5 Self pollination 4 6 Function of fruit 4 7 Types of fruits Many plants self pollinate frequently But it results in genetically uniform offspring Flowers are designed to promote cross pollination which increases genetic variability The function of a fruit is to promote seed dispersal Fleshy fruits intended to be eaten by animals so that seeds will be dispersed with the animal s feces Dry fruits may be adapted for dispersal by animals clinging fruits like burrs or being collected by animals like acorns or by wind or water 5 1 Algae plankton and phytoplankton Algae simple photosynthetic aquatic organisms Plankton organisms that live suspended in water Phytoplankton photosynthetic plankton 5 2 Phytoplankton Phytoplankton in the ocean are at the bottom of the food chain and therefore the ultimate source of food for all animals in the ocean They produce 30 of the oxygen in the atmosphere 5 3 Red tides Red tides are blooms of potentially toxic marine phytoplankton 5 4 Red and brown algae Red and brown algae are multicellular photosynthetic organisms living in the ocean They are classified as Protista not plants They are harvested for their cell wall materials which are used for anything like paint cosmetics beer and toothpaste 5 5 Green algae 5 6 Earliest land plants Green algae are in the green plant kingdom They are progenitors of land plants
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