Thursday October 15 2015 BSC1005 Unit 2 Exam Chapter 1 IN A NUTSHELL coral reefs can be described in extreme terms can be seen from space harbor the most diverse species and organisms than any other marine system extraordinarily beautiful vulnerable to human abuse WHAT THEY PROVIDE US WITH barriers from storms protecting many city lines from total disaster provide shelter fro animals with the crevices aquarium sh coral pharmaceutically useful chemicals building materials tourism WHERE DO THEY THRIVE clear tropical water above 20 celcius sunlight suffciently shallow waters normal salinity places with vigorious water movement to help keep sediment from lingering on the surface also brings fresh supply of plankton which coral feeds on Test Question 1 What does the relatively low species diversity in the parts of Central America result from 1 Thursday October 15 2015 Answer Temperature stresses CORAL BIOLOGY corals create the initial architecture of a reef the skeletons they build are made of calcium carbonate corals are in the group called Cnidarians they are in the same group as sea anemones hydras jelly sh they all contain basic sac like design mouth that opens into a simple gut called the gastrovascular cavity Test Question 1 How do jelly sh differ from their related organisms even though they are in the same group Answer all of the others are attached to the bottom with their mouths facing up while jelly sh are able to oat freely and their mouths are pointed down mouths ringed with nematocysts stinging cells most reef building corals are colonial each colony consists of many tentacle ringed mouths called polyps great advantage of being constructed of small repeating units is that they can be arranged into almost any shape CORALS FEEDING use their tentacles to capture plankton photosynthesis through single celled plants that live within their tissue called zooxanthellae leak some of the food they produce into the tissue of the coral host 2 Thursday October 15 2015 corals die if they lose their zoox or if they are shaded and the zoox cannot perform photosynthesis the coral and zoox live in a mutual relationship both bene ting from the other coral gets food from the zoox while the coral provides zoox with nutrients from the waste the coral excretes such as nitrogen and phosphorus Test Question 1 What is the broad description of the way coral gets food Answer uses tentacles to capture prey but relies mostly on single celled plants called zoox to provide it food through photosynthesis CORAL GROWTH as corals grow they produce calcium carbonate skeletons in which each polyp creates a dent in so it can retract its tentacles called a corallite as surface area of colony grows more polyps are required to cover it done by polyp already present generating buds all of the polyps are part of an integrated system they work together as a whole corals propagate asexually by budding also when they are damaged by storm waves Chapter 2 35 000 60 000 species in coral reefs retrieve information on all the species through a hierarchical system CELL TYPES 2 types prokaryote very small very simple circular DNA 2 domains bacteria 3 Thursday October 15 2015 archaea eukaryote larger more complex every cell contains organelles 4 kingdoms protists single celled fungi plants animals multicellular cuticle Chlorophyta green algae shallow water Phaeophyta brown algae 4 KINGDOM PLANTAE green color ability to make their own food algae differs from the other owering plants in that it has no roots and no protective Rhodaphyta red algae most important because they produce a thin crust on the surface and deposit calcium carbonate as they grow Thursday October 15 2015 KINGDOM ANIMALIA unable to make food for themselves vertebrates have four characteristics at least some point in their life cycle Magnoliophyta owering plants vast majority live on land generally rooted in the ground 1 hollow nerve chord 2 gill slits 3 notochord 4 tail Porifera the sponges play important role in cleaning they water column as the lter out bacteria sea anemones hydra corals jelly sh segmented worms bristle worms cause damage to corals because they are somehow able to feed on branching corals that are spiked with nematocysts and be ok Cnidaria Annelida Mollusca clams oysters scallops snails octopus all have a muscular foot Arthropoda crabs lobsters shrimp barnacles Echinodermata 5 Thursday October 15 2015 sea urchins star sh sea cucumbers differ from all others because they have pentaradial symmetry which means you could slice them up like a pie in 5 equal portions move and grasp the bottom and prey with tiny suction cups called tube feet Test Question 1 What echinodermata s participate in consuming sediment Answer Sea cucumbers and some sea urchins Chordata shes turtles birds mammals Chapter 3 FEEDING ON THE CORAL REEFS swimming and drifting predators defense mechanisms against swimming and drifting predators body armor such as spines to detour from eating toxins in soft bodied organisms evasive strategies squids inking camou age ying sh are the most immediately obvious predators on coral reefs bottom dwelling predators members of Arthropoda use specialized appendages to capture prey crown of thorn star sh are a huge threat to coral reefs as the march over reefs and devour most coral in their path herbivores eat in huge amounts up to 10 times more than they needed 6 sh keep the algae growth in check but can also cause it to explode rapidly in Thursday October 15 2015 growth by overgrazing it lter feeders one of the most common ways of acquiring food on reefs lter plankton out of the water not all are stuck to the bottom some swim with their mouths open and lter out the ingest sediment digest the organic part and poop out the rest right back again earthworms use this sea cucumbers and sea urchins photosynthesis performed by these provide nutrition for partner such as coral plankton that way deposit feeders symbiotic feeders Chapter 4 TYPES OF CORAL 2 categories coastal fringing barrier near shore separated from land by a shallow lagoon islands fringed with reefs protected by lagoon areas series of continuous reefs running parallel to shore rings of reefs around a central lagoon atolls 7 Thursday October 15 2015 REEF REGENERATION AFTER DAMAGE evolved to cope with severe damage caused by violent water movement signi cant progress can be made within 20 years depending on storm strength reefs with substantial damage have been able to recover
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