Bio Exam 2 Plants and People Chapter 1 o Characteristics of green plants Contain chlorophyll to trap sunlight for photosynthesis Cannot move because of rigid cell wall Make flowers fruits seeds spores to reproduce o Classifying Organisms Organisms are named according to binomial system genus species Organisms classified on the basis of their evolutionary genetic relatedness Kingdoms are highest grouping of life 1 Protista 2 Fungi 3 Plantae 4 Animilia 5 Monera o Bacteria 1st organisms to evolve and be able to state times at which life appeared 1 2 photosynthesis evolved 3 more complex groups formed from bacteria green land plants evolved 1 billion years ago animals are more closely related to fungi than plants Chapter 2 o Cells All living things are composed of cells Cell is basic unit of life Cell surrounded by cell membrane and has nucleus and cytoplasm Plant Cells all components found in animal cell and cell wall chloroplasts in cytoplasm Cell Wall Function provides structural support that allows plant to spread out a huge surface to catch sunlight o Photosynthesis Chemical Reaction CO2 and water converted to sugars plus oxygen by light energy Reaction that makes life possible o Carbon Cycle Animals get carbon energy from eating plants respiration causes sugars and oxygen to release energy byproducts of respiration CO2 and water CO2 released goes into atmosphere used by plants o Energy Transportation Xylem transports water from roots to leaves Phloem transports sugars from leaves to the parts of the plant that Transpiration movement of water from roots to leaves and then out are not photosynthetic to the atmosphere Control water loss through stomates pores that are surrounded by guard cells swell shrink to open close pore which contract in dry soil and causes less CO2 intake which slows photosynthesis In cell walls provides most of the strength Composed of chains of sugars that assemble into rods and highly o Cellulose resistant to degradation o Difference in Hypothesis and Theory Hypothesis a guess or idea about how something works or why something happened Theory broad explanation of some natural phenomenon that has been repeatedly tested and shown to hold true Chapter 3 o Plant Parts Shoot above ground stem branches leaves Stem Leaf Petiole connects leaf and stalk Shoot Tip tissue at the tip of the shoot where new cells are formed most plant growth takes place caused by cell division makes cells of the shoot leaves lateral buds flowers which are modified shoot tips Lateral Bud where petiole connects with the stem dormant shoot tip when activated will grow branch new shoot tip Root Tips cell division and root growth Flower Petals Pistil w stigma female part ovaries at base w tissue at end Ovules inside ovary that carry eggs Stamens contain anther supported by stalk filament Pollen contains male part sperm forms in anther o Pollination v Fertilization Pollination is the transfer of pollen to the stigma Fertilization fusion of egg and sperm to make next plant generation After fertilization egg becomes embryo ovules become seed o Parts of the Seed and ovary becomes fruit Seed Coat protects embryo until it germinates forms from ovule Embryo forms from egg Endosperm tissue surrounding embryo used for growth of young seeding Cotyledons store nutrients that are used by embryo to fuel growth modified leaves that also store nutrients for the embryo Chapter 4 o Function of Flower To ensure pollination occurs Plants are designed for cross pollination which increases genetic Function of fruit is to promote seed dispersal variability Wind Pollinated Flowers Petals small or absent Lots of pollen produced Large stigma Animal Pollinated Flowers sugary nectar and pollen Pollinated by Produce attractants colorful petals and scents rewards Bees attracted by blue yellow sweet odors place to land broad open surface large petals colorful spots stripes are nectar cues Flies reddish brown odor of rotting meat Bats Nocturnal Moths flowers open at night white dull colored heavy musty fruity odors Self pollination Genetically uniform offspring o Fleshy Fruits Intended to be eaten by animals seeds and all so seeds will be dispersed w feces Example apple o Dry Fruits Varied dispersions wind dispersed split open explosively cling to fur of animals collecting by animals water dispersed Chapter 5 o Algae simple photosynthetic aquatic organisms Red brown algae are multicellular photosynthetic organisms living in the ocean not classified as plants but in Protista harvested commercially for cell wall material used from paint to cosmetics to beer to toothpaste Green algae in green plan kingdom Progenitors of land plants invaded about 450 million years ago o Plankton organisms that live suspended in water o Phytoplankton photosynthetic plankton In the ocean bottom of the food chain ultimate source of food for all animals in the ocean produce about 30 of O2 in atmosphere Redtides blooms of toxic phytoplankton o Land plants Mosses earliest land plants lack roots leaves have no xylem or phloem internal fertilization Ferns evolved 375mya have xylem and phloem stomates roots leaves reproduce by alternations of generations fertilization results in more plants of the spore forming type Derived from remains of algae plankton living in shallow seas 100s of millions of years ago Coal deposits seem to be the remains of ferns and their relatives living o Oil Natural Gas 100s of millions of years go o Phylogenetic Tree Comparing physical characteristics Comparing the DNA sequences of different organisms Chapter 6 o Major Innovations in Evolution of Cone Bearing Plants Reproduce by alternation of generations Have separate male female cones Pollen sperm cell Female cones spores form inside jacket of cells ovule germinates inside to form patch off nutritive tissue and an egg After fertilization ovule develops into a seed and contains embryo Ovules form on the surface of the scales that make up the cone In the evolution of flowering plants the ovule became surrounded by a layer of tissue called the ovary 1st appeared 350 myo were dominant 250 myo Flowering plants 1st appear 150 myo and became numerous 100 myo o Conifers Most important and numerous cone bearing plants Pines spruces firs redwoods Stands cover large parts of the earths surface particularly in northern latitudes Most wood production comes from conifers of all harvested wood is used in production of paper purified cellulose pressed into sheets Less numerous cone
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