Exam 2 2015 Chapter on depression Briefly describe each disorder Bipolar disorder Bipolar I At least one episode or mina Abnormally increased activity or energy included as a required symptom of mania Severe Depression Severe mania Bipolar 2 At least one major depressive episode with at least one episode of hypomania Abnormally increased activity or energy included as a required symptom of hypomania Hypo mania Severe Depression Cyclothymic disorder Hypo mania mild depression cycles up and down Recurrent mood changes from high to low for at least 2 years Criteria are more specific Recurrent mood changes from high to low for at least 2 years in adults and 1 year in children without hypomanic or depressive episodes Major depression Major Depressive Disorder MDD Five or more depressive symptoms Some symptoms are o Sleeping too much or too little o Psychomotor retardation or agitation o Poor appetite and weight loss or increased appetite and weight gain o Loss of energy o Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt o Difficulty concentrating thinking or making decisions o Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide At least one symptom is sad mood or loss of pleasure Last for 2 weeks Differential diagnosis of bereavement related symptoms described in more detail Episodic o Symptoms tend to dissipate over time Recurrent o Once depression occurs future episodes likely Average number of episodes is 4 Dysthymic disorder Persistent Depressive Disorder Dysthymia is gone replaced with something called persistent depressive disorder Depressed mood for at least 2 years 1 year for children adolescents PLUS 2 other symptoms o Poor appetite or overeating o Sleeping too much or too little o Poor self esteem o Trouble concentrating or making decisions o Feelings of hopelessness What is Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder Severe recurrent temper outbursts in response to common stressors including verbal or behavioral expressions of temper that are out of proportion in intensity or duration to the provocation Diagnoses was developed because of over diagnosis of childhood bipolar disorder Temper outbursts are inconsistent with developmental level The temper outbursts tend to occur at least three times per week Persistent negative mood between temper outbursts most days and the negative mood is observable to others These symptoms have been present for at least 12 months and do not clear for more than 3 months at a time Temper outbursts or negative mood are present in at least two settings at home at school or with peers and are severe in at least in one setting Age 6 or higher or equivalent developmental level Onset before age 10 The onset of symptoms must be before age 10 and a diagnosis should not be made for the first time before age 6 or after age 18 Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Occurs in most menstrual cycles during the past year At least f symptoms listed below present in the final week before menses improved within a few days of menses onset Symptoms of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder o Affective lability o Irritability o Depressed mood hopelessness or self deprecating thoughts o Anxiety o Diminished interest in usual activities o Difficulty concentrating o Lack of energy o Changes in appetite overeating or food craving o Sleeping too much or too little o Subjective sense of being overwhelmed or out of control o Physical symptoms such as breast tenderness or swelling joint or muscle pain or bloating Define Pressured speech Flight of ideas Subjective impression that thoughts are racing How is Mania different from hypomania Mania State of intense elation or irritability For a manic episode o Symptoms last for 1 week or require hospitalization o Symptoms cause significant distress or functional impairment Hypomania hypo under hyper above Symptoms of mania but less intense Does not involve significant impairment mania does For a hypomanic episode o Symptoms last at least 4 days o Clear changes in functioning that are observable to others but impairment is not marked o No psychotic symptoms are present Describe Cognitive behavioral therapy CBT by Aaron Beck Beck s Theory o Negative triad negative view of self world future o Negative schema underlying tendency to see the world negatively o Negative schema cause cognitive biases tendency to process information in negative ways What is rapid cycling in regards to Bipolar disorder What is attribution theory Martin Seligman 1Q 4things to focus on Attributional Style Martin Seligman o Stable and Global attributions can cause hopelessness Ex Why Did I fail the GRE math eam What is rumination A specific way of thinking tendency to repetitively dwell on sad thoughts Thank about problem and get worked up about it What are risk factors for suicide Low social support Psychological Disorders 95 have psychiatric disorder at time of death o Half of suicide attempts are depressed Neurobiological Models o Heritability of 48 for suicide attempts o Low levels of serotonin o Overly reactive HPA system Social Factors o Economic recessions o Media reports of suicide o Social isolation and a lack of social belonging Psychological Models o Problem solving deficit o Hopelessness o Life satisfaction How does the focus of treatment for depression differ between CBT and Interpersonal therapy Cognitive behavioral Therapy o Strategies including meditation to prevent relapse o Restructuring one s own thoughts Interpersonal psychotherapy IPT o Short term psychodynamic therapy o Focus on current relationships Describe Behavioral Activation Behavioral activation BA therapy o Increase participation in positively reinforcing activities to disrupt spiral of depression withdrawal and avoidance What are some of the more common biological treatments for depression e g medications etc Electroconvulsive therapy ECT o Reserved for treatment non responders o Induce brain seizure and momentary unconsciousness Unilateral ECT o Side effects Memory loss o ECT more effective than medications Unclear how ECT works What are some of the medications used for depression What are the common medications used for Bipolar disorder Lithium o Up to 80 receive at least some relief with this mood stabilizer o Potentially serious side effect Lithium toxicity Newer mood stabilizers Anticonvulsants o Depakote Antipsychotics o Zyprexa Both also have serious side effects Chapter Anxiety Define Specific phobias Disproportionate fear of a particular object or situation o Common examples fear of flying snakes
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