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Exam 2 Study Guide IV Ch 8 V Ch 6 VI Ch 7 Topic IV Ch 8 Stress and Health o Stress isn t a disorder but will show up in all of them Can Stress Actually Kill You Video o Stressors o Stress Responses Stimuli that produce stress responses Examples Exam Physical Danger Finances etc Physiological behavioral emotional responses to stressors Increased heart rate respiration blood pressure Muscles tighten Stomach churns Cortisol adrenaline release main stress hormones which cause the other responses o Why do we respond that way Prepared to react to fight or flight situations Useful in dangerous situations can save your life o Negative consequences Brain cells shrink o What can affect stress response Oxytocin cuddle hormone Produced from positive social interactions contact and caring for people General Definition of Stress o Demand on organism for physiological cognitive or behavioral adaption Definition of Clinical Maladaptive Stress o When these demands are either 1 In reality excessive 2 Perceived appraised to be excessive Scientists still debate individual s reaction the individual s reaction to it o Is stress best determined as a life event or the event plus the o Stress as a life event A difficult circumstance regardless of Social Readjustment Rating Scale SRRS Assigns stress values to life events based on the judgments of a large group of normal adults Views stressors that produce more life changing units as causing stress Biggest issue treat same event as causing same amount of stress for everyone not true Stress as an adaptive response o Sometimes adaptive or necessary o A natural adaptive response Not always can be maladaptive harmful as well Useful in dangerous situations Can save your life Understanding the bio psycho social aspects of stress is important for o Understanding our normal everyday experiences o Understanding many medical and mental disorders Understanding Stress o Stressor Stress Response Consequences negative and or positive Appraisal and coping effects stress response and whether consequences will be positive or negative Stressors o Bio Psycho Social Life Events External Events Social gathering victim of crime roller coaster life Internal Events transition physical inquiry Internal pain making a decision thinking about what might happen o Vary in Intensity weak to strong o Vary in valence positive to negative How does something become a stressor o Unconditioned genetic nature pain startle choking o Conditioned acquired nurture Can be learned through modeling conditioning Example exam phobias perceiving Stress Responses 1 Emotional Responses o Positive e g excitement energizes etc o Negative e g fear anxiety dejection etc People can differ in the same situation example roller Optimal levels of stress differ across people coasters Basic Arousal Theory of Motivation negative can be genetic or learned o Arousal Sympathetic Nervous System Activity Increased heart rate sweating respiration etc o Everyone differs in amount of arousal they find positive or o Positive Good emotion approach behaviors o Negative Bad emotion avoidance behaviors Note You are motivated to behave in ways that match your preferred arousal level lower vs higher Example People who enjoy sleeping vs those who enjoy skydiving 2 Physiological Responses o Fight or Flight Alarm Reaction Physiological response to stress Sympathetic nervous Stressor Amygdala limbic system Hypothalamus system limbic system Neurotransmitters released Sympathetic nervous system Responses dilating pupils increased heart rate releases bronchi in lungs inhibits digestive activity etc Hypothalamus also effects pituitary gland releases ACTh Adrenal Glands Adrenal Cortex cortisol Adrenal Medulla adrenaline Changes in internal organs and muscles Sympathetic Nervous system Responses Note Parasympathetic nervous system is when fight or flight is SUPPRESSED o When stopping shutting down Cortisol Hippocampus Amygdala Will lose though when competing against stressor hippocampus Long term product tress is bad and can affect memory Short term stress can be good Female Variation oxytocin cuddle hormone released from pituitary o More gland Activates Parasympathetic response Calming response Tend and Befriend Response Fewer negative effects of stress Note Motivates us to seek out social contact particularly with people we feel close to Immune System response to stress The release of cortisol and CRF cause Stress impairs immune responses that drain energy from Stress affects T cells which fight off antigens body Short term stressors and physical threats enhance immunosuppression decreased production of immune agents more susceptible to infectious disease immune responses that are quick require little energy and contain infection due to an injury the fight or flight response General Adaptation Syndrome 1 Alarm 2 Resistance to threat Mobilization of body in reaction to threat Body is physiologically activated and prepared to respond 3 Exhaustion dangerous phase Occurs if body s resources are depleted by chronic stress How stress causes physical illness Body damaged by continuous failed attempted to reactivate GAS Initiating the Biological Stress Response o Bottom up 1 Path 1 Starts with perception of stressor Very Fast View Eyes thalamus amygdala NO cortical or conscious control Unconditioned stressor or overlearned stressor 2 Path 2 3 Path 3 A little slower Eyes thalamus relevant sensory cortex amygdala No conscious control Unconditioned stressor or overlearned A little slower Eyes thalamus relevant sensory cortex frontal Consciousness involved Starts with stressor in your mind Frontal cortex amygdala Consciousness involved cortex amygdala o Top down Consequences positive and or negative o Effects of stress on performance inverted U Difficult tasks want less arousal Easy tasks want more arousal Typical every day tasks want mid level arousal o Positive o Negative stressor resolved Return to equilibrium Adaptive goal directed action Released energy Adaptive escape avoidance behaviors Adaptive approach behaviors Maladaptive action or inaction Bound energy not Maladaptive escape avoidance Poor cognitive motor performance Health problems resolving stressor Continued tension o Indirect and direct effects of stress on health Chronic stress has negative effects Stress can promote illness Directly through adverse physiological effects Indirectly by undermining positive health behaviors increasing negative health behaviors o Direct physiological


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FSU CLP 4143 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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