1. A psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning AND a response that is not typical or culturally expecteda. Psychological Disorder2. How does deviant behavior differ from abnormal behavior?a. Deviant behavior defies societal norms; like the act of delinquency and crimeb. Abnormal behavior causes internal distress or a problem in functioning and requires a culturally atypical response3. Why is it necessary to specifically define abnormal forms of behavior?a. Safety issues and research4. What did Rosenhan’s study on psychological disorders focus on?a. Being sane in insane placesb. Study aimed to test whether perception of mental disorder was determined by environment5. What was the ironic thing about Rosenhan’s results? And what did it interpret?a. That the real patients often detected sanity, not the doctorsb. Interpreted that psychiatrists tend to make Type II errors more likely to find an effect where there is none (e.g. find the sane to be insane)6. What was Galen’s biological perspective on psychological disorders?a. That the balance of humors (bodily fluids) influenced brain functionb. Each humor originated in different organs:i. Blood- heartii. Black bile- spleeniii. Phlegm- brainiv. Yellow bile- liver7. What was so significant about John P. Grey and what did his actions lead to?a. He improved hospital conditions for the mentally illb. Led to deinstitutionalization (policy to release patients to community) and resulted in homelessness as a side effect8. Who founded the tradition of classifying mental disorders by symptoms, on set, course, and etiology (cause)?a. Emil Kraepelin9. Who was the main figure behind the psychoanalytic theory?a. Sigmund Freud10. What were the basics of the psychoanalytic theory?a. Two minds (conscious vs. unconscious)b. Drives or instincts (Sexual instinct/drive & death instinct/drive)c. Structures of the mind (Id, Ego, and Superego)d. Psychosexual Stages of Development11. Where is the root of all neuroses (non-psychotic illness)?a. Unconscious mind12. Which structure of the mind is the voice of reason?a. Ego13. Which structure of the mind is the source of instincts/drives and is the primitive part of the mind?a. Id14. The superego is known as what?a. The conscience of moral code15. The psychosexual stages of development of the psychoanalytic theory consist of what? And what do they represent?a. Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genitalb. Represent source of pleasure16. What is the issue when it comes to the stages of development?a. Unsuccessful passage fixation neurotic character17. Carl Rogers is known for what theory? And what is its premise?a. The Humanistic Theoryb. People strive for self-growth or self actualization18. Behavioral approach is in contrast to what?a. The biological and psychoanalytic theories 19. Who used Pavlovian learning principles to treat phobias?a. Joseph Wolpe20. When it comes to understanding psychopathology, two approaches are:a. Unidimensional and Multidimensional21. Multidimensional approach consists of which five areas of functioning?a. Biological influences (hormones, genes, neurotransmitters)b. Behavioral influences (+ & - reinforcements, conditioning)c. Emotional influences (attachments, hormones affect emotions)d. Social influences (SES, institutions, relationships w/ others)e. Developmental influences (maturation, cultural expectation around puberty)22. The Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of:a. Brain and spinal cord23. What do neurons or nerve cells use to communicate?a. Neurotransmitters24. The brain is divided into how many areas? What are they & what are their functions?a. 3b. Hindbrain —automatic functions (breathing)c. Midbrain —coordinate movementd. Forebrain —cerebral cortex (allows forethought)25. Which part of the brain contains the medulla, pons, and cerebellum?a. Hindbrain26. The amygdala is in what area of the brain?a. Midbrain27. The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) contains what? And which controls muscles?a. Somatic Nervous System controls musclesb. Automatic Nervous System28. The Automatic nervous system is responsible for what?a. Regulating major organ system29. The Sympathetic & Parasympathetic nervous system are subclasses of what?a. Automatic Nervous System30. What does the sympathetic nervous system control? Parasympathetic system?a. Fight/flight (activation)b. Brings back to resting state31. Which neurotransmitter is known to regulate behavior, mood, and thought?a. Serotonin32. Drugs acting on Serotonin (5-HT) are used to treat what?a. Mood and Anxiety disorders33. Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is known for:a. Being a major inhibitory neurotransmitterb. Reducing anxiety34. Regulation of the endocrine system is from:a. Norepinephrine35. What is a major neurotransmitter in the reward circuit of the brain?a. Dopamine (DA)36. Martin Seligman suggested what after his discovery of learned helplessness in rats?a. That human depression might result from the similar process of having depression-like responses when faced with stress that is out of our control37. Modeling and observational learning is a part of what theory by Albert Bandura?a. Social Learning38. What is the concept of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)? Who developed it?a. That depressed people have negative thoughts/attributes treat by replacing faulty thoughts with appropriate and healthy onesb. Aaron Beck39. The tendency to behave in a certain way given an external event and a feeling state accompanied by a possible characteristic psychological response:a. Emotion40. What is the difference between an emotion and a mood?a. Emotion is a short-term state (fear, happy)b. Mood is a persistent emotion (depression)41. What is affect?a. Momentary emotional tone that accompanies what we say or do in a given point in timeb. Appropriate affect vs. inappropriate affect 42. Notion that there may be a number of pathways to a particular outcome. Ex.—Cause A and Cause B both lead to the same Outcome Ca. Equifinality43. When assessing clients what 3 concepts are used to determine the value?a. Reliability, Validity, and Standardization44. When the degree to which a technique measures what it is designed to measure it is considered:a. Valid45. When the degree to which a measurement is consistent it is considered:a. Reliable46. Standardization takes place when:a. Application of certain standards to ensure consistency across different
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