Test 1 Study Guide Ch 1 4 CH 1 1 Defining Psychological disorders a A psychological disorder must cause dysfunction distress behavior varies from cultural norms Atypical behavior i ii iii iv Dysfunction breakdown in behavioral emotional and cognitive function that interferes with everyday life Atypical behavior Deviates from average Varies from cultural norms or violates them Causes impairment 2 Diagnosing Psychological disorders It is controversial to whether or not diagnoses are harmful a b They help practitioners and scientists communicate about a disorder c Etiology is the study of origins 3 Mental Health Professionals a Clinical psychologists and counseling psychologists earn a Ph D Ed D or Psy D to prepare them to conduct research into the causes and treatment of psychological disorders and to diagnose assess and treat these disorders b Psychiatrists earn an M D to investigate the nature and causes of psychological disorders often from a biological point of view to make diagnosis and offer treatments c Psychiatric social workers usually earn master s degrees in social work and develop expertise in collecting information relevant to the social and family situation of the individual with a psychological disorder and treat disorders that family problems are causing d Psychiatric Nurses either have masters or Ph D to care for and treat patients with psychological disorders e Marriage and family therapists and mental health counselors earn a masters and are employed to provide clinical services under the supervision of a doctoral level clinician 4 Scientist Practitioner Framework a Involves the interaction between clinical work and science Health professionals taking the scientific approach to their clinical work b Mental health practitioners may function as a scientist practitioner in one or more of three ways Consumer Keeping up with the latest scientific development and using the techniques in the field Evaluator Evaluated their own assessments and treatment procedures to see whether they work Creator Conduct research that produces new information about a disorder or treatment 5 History of Mental Illness Three major models a Supernatural Theories Not commonly used today Divine interventions demons sins Treatments were harsh and illogical Reflection of the battle between good and evil Physical disease cured by medicine or surgery Breakdown of bodily systems b Biological Theories c Psychological Theories i Mental disorders are a result of trauma or maladaptive behaviors Therapy is the treatment Asylums ii iii Moral therapy treated institutionalized patients as normally as possible in a setting that encouraged and reinforced normal social interaction This provides them with normal social opportunities Shock therapy Attempted to provide warm nurturing environment 6 Psychological Theories a Psychoanalytic Theory Sigmund Freud Problems are fueled by unconscious desires therapy brings this to light to resolve the issues It is therapeutic to recall and relive a traumatic event because it releases emotional tension this is known as catharsis Promotes tolerance listened to patients for extended periods of time instead of giving them orders Id The source of our strong sexual and aggressive feelings operating based on the pleasure principle Ego Ensures we act realistically Superego Moral principles Dream interpretations Free association Patients spoke for themselves rather than repeating the analyst Resistance when a patient directly or indirectly resists treatment i ii iii i ii iii iv i ii iv v i ii iii iv v vi vii viii Transference Unconscious tendency to assign past feelings to therapist in the present ix Most principles have been discredited now because the theories were not testable b Behavior Therapy i ii iii iv v vi i ii iii Classical Conditioning A neutral stimulus is paired with a response until it elicits the same response Operant Conditioning Using reinforcement or punishments to shape behavior Systematic desensitization Individuals were gradually introduced to something they feared until the fear was extinguished Also known as behavior therapy Very testable tactics Very effective with anxiety disorders Only treats symptoms not underlying causes c Humanistic Therapy Positive setting goals for the future Self actualizing All of us could reach our highest potentials if we had the freedom to grow Client centered therapy Carl Rodgers 1 Active listening gives the person the chance to develop Gives 2 Unconditional positive reward acceptance of most of the client s very little interpretations feelings and actions iv Mental illness derives from attempting to gain others positive regards v vi Self awareness and acceptance will lead to a cure Directive therapy was found to be more effective for most problems i ii iii iv v vi vii Helps people develop alternative ways of thinking and behaving to reduce psychological distress Thoughts intervene between events and emotional reactions Identify negative behavior Socratic questioning to challenge maladaptive behavior Clients must have a certain level of intelligence insight Depression is triggered by life events Internal beliefs determine how you turn out d Cognitive Therapy CH 2 1 Behavioral Genetics The study of the genetics of personality and abnormality a Genetics is responsible for 50 of our personality b Genetic factors contribute to alll disorder but only account for half of the explanation i Genes influence certain disorders Genetic contribution can not be studied without enviormental factors c The Old Biological Paradigm Abnormal body processes cause psychopathy i Medical Disease Model d Most disorders are related to abnormalities in genes e Researching Genetics i ii Family History Studies Tracing family history to see if a certain disorder runs in the family Twin Studies 1 Help determine the role of genetics to disorders 2 Concordance rate Probability that one twin has a disorder if the other one has it as well A higher concordance rate means there is a genetic component Environment can play a role as well 3 Twin studies of twins separated at birth help determine genetic vs enviormental factors iii iv v Children s behavior tends to be related to biological parents over enviormental factors Parents do influence manners values etc Brain Structure Abnormalities Location in brain damage influences specific psychological problems Neurotransmitter The messengers that carry impulses between neurons 1 Disorders result from neurotransmitter
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