Learning Objectives for 4/2 – 4/9Chapter 8: Schizophrenia and Related Psychotic DisordersReadings for this chapter include all topics in chapter 8.Abnormal PsychologyCLP4143Spring 2014Learning Objectives for 4/2 – 4/9Chapter 8: Schizophrenia and Related Psychotic DisordersReadings for this chapter include all topics in chapter 8.1. Know all KEY TERMS in chapter 8. (These are the boldfaced terms found throughout the chapter and listed at end of chapter. Definitions for most of these terms also can be found in the Glossary in the back of the textbook.)2. What is the prevalence of schizophrenia and how does it vary by gender and ethnicity? A. Prevalence: - Lifetime prevalence in the U.S is 1-2% and 0.5-2% worldwide- More common in men than women- Higher prevalence among individuals of low socioeconomic status o Social drift due to symptoms’ interference with education and occupational attainment.o Stresses of urban city life- Content of delusions and hallucinations vary across cultures but the overall form of symptoms remains similar overall.o Important to consider cultural relativism during diagnosis.- First and second wave immigrants have higher incidences of the disorder than individuals from their ethnic group who are native born or have been in the country longer.- People in developing countries who have the disorder show a more positive course than do people in developed countries. o Overall better social environment for affected people in developing countries to facilitate adaptation to the disorder and prevent further relapses. Stronger family units with lower report measures of hostility, criticism, and over-involvement (i.e. expressed emotion) than more developed countries.3. What are the primary symptoms of schizophrenia? How are positive and negative symptoms different? A. Primary Symptoms: - Positive Symptoms (2 main categories)- characterized by the presence of unusual perceptions, thoughts, or behaviors.I. Psychotic : delusions/hallucinationsII. Disorganized: thoughts/speech/behavior- Negative Symptoms - characterized by losses or deficits in behavior, feelings, orexperiences (i.e. affective flattening, alogia, avolition)B. Positive vs. Negative Symptoms: - Positive refers to the fact that symptoms are salient, added experiences.o Normal experience + something elseAbnormal PsychologyCLP4143Spring 2014- Negative refers to the absence of behaviors, feelings, or experienceso Normal experience – something o Negative symptoms are less obvious and not as bizarre as positive symptoms (i.e. delusions, hallucinations) yet they are associated with moreimpairment. Negative symptoms are less responsive to medication.4. What are the common types of delusions and hallucinations? What are the disorganized thought, speech, and behavior symptoms of schizophrenia? What is the difference between disorganized and catatonic behavior? A. Delusions: - Ideas that an individual believes are true but are highly unlikely or simply impossible.- Involves a phenomenon that the person’s culture would regard as totally implausible.I. Delusions vs. Normal Self-Deception: (3 different ways) a. Bizarreness- delusions are not possible whereas self-deceptions are. o Ex.) “I think I can win the lottery”- it’s possible to win the lottery even though it’s highly unlikely (i.e. normal)o Ex.) It’s not possible that you’re body is dissolving and swimming in space (i.e. delusion)b. Preoccupation- delusions occupy thoughts constantly whereas self-deceptions are thought about occasionally.o Ex.) Daydreaming about fantasies while bored in class (i.e. normal)o Ex.) Takes action of beliefs to the point of trying to convince others with collaborating evidence’ (i.e. delusion)c. Resistance- delusions are resistant to compelling facts whereas self-deceptions typically acknowledge being wrong and accept all the facts.o Ex.) “I could be wrong but I personally think that..” (i.e. normal)o Ex.) Perceive arguments and evidence against one’s beliefs as a conspiracy in evidence of the truth (i.e. delusion)II. Common Types of Delusions: a. Persecutory- being persecuted, watched, conspired against.b. Reference- random events are directed at oneself.c. Grandiose- great power, knowledge, talent, or is a famous/powerful person.d. Guilt or Sin- committed a terrible act or responsible for a terrible event.e. Somatic- appearance or part of body is diseased or altered.f. Being Controlled- thoughts, feelings, or behaviors are being imposed, controlled by an external force. Different types of delusions are woven together in a complex belief system (i.e. cultural relativism)B. Hallucinations: - Unreal perceptual experiences that must be bizarre and impairing to beAbnormal PsychologyCLP4143Spring 2014diagnosed with the disorder.o Cannot be caused by sleep deprivation or drug substances.I. Common Types of Hallucinations: a. Auditory- hears voices speaking thoughts aloud in commentary or to each other as either being aggressive, threatening, and/or give orders.o Most common overallo More common in women than menb. Visual- often accompanied by auditory hallucinations and is the second most common overall.c. Tactile- perception of feeling something outside on the body’s surface.o i.e. feeling bugs crawl up your back even though nothing’s there.d. Somatic- perception of feeling something inside the body.o i.e. feeling worms eating the insides of your intestines even though nothing’s there.C. Disorganized Thought and Speech: - Formal Thought Disorder- disorganized thinking within schizophrenia characterized by loosening of associations or derailment, word salad, and neologisms.o “In the last 7 years alone, over 23 Starwars’ scientists…”- No clear connections between topic transitions (i.e. loosening of associations or derailment).o “Much of abstraction has been left unsaid and undone in these productsmilk syrup”- speech is so disorganized as to be totally incoherent to the listener (i.e. word salad).o “bleebob”- made-up words that mean something only to that person (i.e.neologisms).D. Disorganized vs. Catatonic Behavior: - Disorganized behavior- unpredictable and untriggered actions/responses that are random and/or inappropriate to the given situation as a result of disorganized thought and speech (i.e. loose associations, word salad, neolgisms). o Ex.) Disheveled appearances, inappropriate hygiene/clothing, shouting, swearing, pacing.- Catatonia-
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