!1!Unit%2%(Anxiety%Disorders,%Dissociative%&%Somatoform%Disorders,%Eating%Disorders)%Exam%2%Tuesday%March%5,%2013%%Anxiety%Disorders%1. Identify%and%give%examples%of%the%four%sym ptom s%that%constitute%anxiety.%Psychological!or!Somatic1!sweating,!shaking,!heart!beating!Cognitive1!worry!thoughts!Behavioral1!escape/!avoiding!à!leaving!the!situation!or!taking!drugs!or!alcohol!Emotional1!sense!of!dread!or!terror!%%2. What%are%the%processes%involved%in%the%flightIorIfight%response%Body’s!natural!response!to!a!threatening!situation!Features!of!arousal!and!fear!are!set!in!by!the!hypothalamus!Two!important!systems!are!activated!by!the!hypotalamus!1. Autonomic!Nervous!System!(ANS)!• Sympathetic!NS!regulates!stress:!Increases!heart!rate!and!sweat!glands!• Parasympathetic!NS:!Once!danger!is!gone!rest!and!digest!to!calm!us!down!2. Endocrine!System!• Epinephrine!(adrenaline)!!• Cortical!increases!blood!sugar!to!give!energy!because!immune!system!is!suppressed!!3. What%are%the%differences%between%adaptive%fear%and%maladaptive%anxiety?%(Ch.%5%&%class)%1.!Are!concerns!realistic!given!the!circumstances?!Is!it!a!plausible!phobia?!2.!Is!the!amount!of!fear!in!proportion!to!the!threat?!Persons!reaction!equal!to!threat!of!phobia.!3.!Does!the!concern!persist!in!the!absence!of!the!threat?!Ex1!having!a!fear!of!clowns.!Are!you!constantly!worrying!about!encountering!a!clown!or!is!the!fear!only!present!when!clown!is!around!at!the!circus.!1Adaptive!fear!is!behavior!used!to!help!overcome!phobia,!example!going!to!the!circus!even!though!clowns!may!be!there.!1Maladaptive!anxiety!would!be!never!going!outside!because!there’s!a!constant!fear!of!clowns.!Having!a!fear!even!when!the!stimulus!is!not!around.%%4. What%is%anxiety%sensitivity?%(Class)%Fear!of!anxiety1!related!physical!sensations.!Example1!having!increased!heart!rate!Due!to!the!belief!that!these!sensations!have!harmful!somatic,!psychological,!or!social!consequences!Anxiety!sensitivity!is!a!risk!factor!for!anxiety!problems!and!linked!to!the!development!of!panic!disorders.!It!also!predicts!future!occurrence!of!anxiety!symptoms!and!panic!attacks!in!both!adolescents!and!adults!%5. What%are%the%key%features%of%generalized%anxiety%disorder?%(Ch.%5%&%class)%• “Basic”!anxiety!disorder!• Worrying!about!things!that!haven’t!or!wont!happen!!2!• Anxiety!and!worrying!(about!numerous!things)!occur!more!days!than!not!for!at!least!6!months!• Worrying!can’t!be!controlled!• Must!have!3!or!more!of!the!following!1. Restlessness!or!feeling!keyed!up!or!on!edge!2. Easily!fatigued!3. Difficulty!concentrating!or!mind!going!blan k!4. Irritability!5. Muscle!tension!6. Sleep!disturbance!• Focus!is!not!confined!to!features!of!Axis!I!disorders!à!Such!as!worrying!about!weight,!how!much!you!eat,!people!looking!at!you!etc.!doesn’t!qualify!for!GAD!it’s!an!eating!disorder!• Impairment!and/or!distress!• Not!due!to!substance!abuse,!GMC,!or!does!not!occur!exclusively!during!mood,!psychotic,!or!pervasive!developmental!disorders!315%!of!the!population!has!GAD!about!50%!have!another!disorder!ex.!OCD,!PTSD!80%!worry!about!family!55%!money!50%!work!15%!illness!!6. What%cognitive%and%biological%factors%appear%to%play%a%role%in%GAD?%(Ch.%5%&%class)%GABA!theory1!GABA:!neurotransmitter!that!prevents!neurons!from!firing!!Individuals!with!GAD!have!deficiency!in!GABA!receptors,!resulting!in!excessive!firing!in!the!limbic!system!(which!increases!emotions!&!fear)!!Genetic!theory1!Biological!vulnerability!to!GAD!is!inherited.!!General!trait!anxiety!may!increase!risk1!If!grew!up!with!super!anxious!parent!you!may!develop!these!traits!!7. What%are%the%key%features%of%panic%disorder%and%agoraphobia?%(Ch.%5%&%class)%People!with!panic!disorders!fear!that!they!have!a!life1threatening!illness,!and!they!are!more!likely!to!have!a!personal!or!family!history!of!serious!chronic!illness.!Even!if!the!chances!of!the!illness!are!ruled!out!they!will!begin!to!believe!they!are!going!to!have!a!heart!attack,!seizure!or!other!physical!crisis,!or!that!they!are!going!crazy!or!losing!control.!315%!of!people!will!develop!a!panic!disorder!at!some!time,!usually!between!late!adolescents!to!mid1thirties!and!more!common!in!women.!People!w/!PD!usually!suffer!from!depression!or!substance!abuse.!!Agoraphobia!comes!from!the!Greek!for!“fear!of!the!marketplace.”!People!with!agoraphobia!fear!places!where!they!might!have!trouble!escaping!or!getting!help!if!they!become!anxious!or!have!a!panic!attack.!Also!have!a!fear!that!they!will!embarrass!themselves!if!others!notice!their!symptoms!or!their!efforts!to!escape!during!the!panic!attack,!though,!it’s!rarely!noticed.!!3!About!one1third!to!one1half!of!people!diagnosed!with!a!panic!disorder!develops!agoraphobia.!!8. What%biological%and%cognitive%factors%play%a%role%in%PD?%(Ch.%5%&%class)%Biological1!!Role!of!Genetics:!Family!members!are!more!likely!to!develop!panic!disorder.!Early!investigations!support!a!genetic!inheritance!of!vulnerability!factors%Neuroimaging!studies:!Differences!in!limbic!system!!Cognitive1!Safely!behaviors:!Actions!to!avoid!or!reduce!anxiety1provoking!situations.!Maintain!fear!by1!false!attribution!of!safety,!avoidance!of!disconfirming!evidence.!Slow!down!breathing,!sit!down,!grab!hold!of!something,!distract,!drink!water!during!panic!attack!Take!a!Xanax!Avoidance!of!situations!causing!panic!%9. Define%and%be%able%to%discuss%the%role%of%avoidance%and%operant%conditioning%in%behavioral%theories%of%anxiety%disorders,%including%e x amples%of%avoidance%&%safety%behaviors%for%each%specific%condition.%(Class)%Avoidance!results!in!decreased!anxiety!however,!doesn’t!help!with!overcoming!phobia!because!you!never!face!it.%Operant!conditioning1!learning!happens!through!punishment!and!reward%%10. Describe%evolutionary%explanations%of%specific%phobias%and%be%able%to%briefly%describe%prepared+classical+conditioning+experiments.%(Class)%Evolutionary!explanations!of!specific!phobias!like!snakes!and!spiders!are!because!those!were!things!that!in!the!past!affected!our!chances!of!survival.!Prepared!classical!conditioning1!fear!of!snakes!vs!fear!of!flowers!à!Change!a!reaction!to!a!stimulus.!Example!pairing!a!flower!with!a!shock!and!then!with!a!snake.!Easier!to!get!rid!of!the!fear!of!flowers!than!snakes.!Example1!Little!Albert!experiment:!No!fear!of!mice!until!paired!with!a!loud!bang!after!multiple!occurrences!Albert!develops!a!fear!of!mice.%%11.
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