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SchizophreniaWhat is the prevalence of schizophrenia?1-2% lifetime prevalence in US; 0.5-2% lifetime prevalence worldwide; most prevalent in MEN.Define the following:Alogia (p.233): a reduction in speaking, poverty of speech. The person may not initiate speech with others and when asked questions directly, he/she may give brief answers. The lack of speech could be due to lack of thinking, although it may be caused in part by lack of motivation to speak.Avolition (p.234): an inability to persist at common, goal-directed activities, including those at work, school, and home. The person has great trouble completing tasks, is disorganized and carless, and apparently is completely unmotivated.Word salad (p.232): a person with schizophrenia may answer questions with barely related, or unrelated comments. For example, when asked why he is in the hospital, a man with schizophrenia may answer, “Spaghetti looks like worms. I really think its worms.” At times, the person’s speech may be so disorganized as to be totally incoherent to the listener.Neologism (p.232): a person may make up words that mean something to only him or herBlunted affect (p.233): also known as affective flattening, is a severe reduction or absence of affective (emotional) responses to the environment. The person’s face may remain immobile most of the time, and his or her body language may be unresponsive.Working memory (p.234): the ability to hold information in memory and manipulate it, people with schizophrenia shows deficits in working memory. These deficits make it difficult for them to pay attention to relevant information and to suppress unwanted or irrelevant information.Negative symptoms (p.233): involve losses, or deficits in certain domains. Three types of negative symptoms are recognized as core symptoms of schizophrenia: affective flattening (blunted affect), alogia, and avolition.Positive symptoms (p.226): include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought and speech, and disorganized or catatonic behavior.Medication is the most helpful for which type of symptoms (positive or negative)?They reduce positive symptoms, but show no sign of effect in negative symptoms.What is paranoid schizophrenia? In comparison to the other forms of schizophrenia, what is its prognosis like?The best-known and most researched type of schizophrenia; People with it have prominent delusions and hallucinations that involve themes of persecution and grandiosity. The prognosis isbetter than those with other types of schizophrenia, they are more likely to be able to live on theirown, and to hold down a job and show better cognitive and social functioning.What is disorganized schizophrenia?Instead of delusions or hallucinations, people with disorganized schizophrenia have severely disorganized thoughts and behaviors. These people may speak in word salads and be completely incoherent to others. They may be so disorganized that they do not bathe, dress, or eat if left on their own.Know the names and give a description of the 3 phases of schizophreniaProdromal Phase: symptoms present before full criteria is metAcute: active psychosisResidual: symptoms present after acute phaseDuring the prodromal and residual phases, people with schizophrenia may express beliefs that are unusual but not delusional. The negative symptoms are especially prominent in these two phases of the disorder. (read more on p.234)Explain the gender differences in schizophrenia (prevalence, age of onset, prognosis, etc.)Women tend to have better prognosis, and show fewer cognitive deficits. The age of onset for women is around late 20s to early 30s, and for men is around age 21. (read more p.237)Explain the difference between delusions and hallucinationsDelusions (p.228): ideas that an individual believes are true but are highly unlikely and often simply impossible.Hallucinations (p.231): the unreal perceptual experiences.Explain the difference between self-deception and delusionsDelusions are different than self-deception in three different ways:1) Bizarreness2) Preoccupation3) ResistanceIn comparison to those in developed countries, what is the prognosis like for people with schizophrenia in developing countries? Why?Schizophrenia tends to have a more benign (not life threatening) course in developing countries such as India, Nigeria, and Colombia compared to those who develop schizophrenia in countries like United States, and Great Britain. The social environment of people with schizophrenia in developing countries may facilitate adaptation and recovery better than the social environment ofpeople with schizophrenia in developed countries. In developing countries, there are broader and closer family networks surrounding people with schizophrenia.What is Brief Psychotic Disorder?Individuals with this disorder show a sudden onset of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or disorganized behavior. However, the episode only lasts between one day and one month after which the symptoms completely vanish.Are prenatal and birth difficulties associated with schizophrenia?Serious prenatal and birth difficulties are more frequent in the histories of people with schizophrenia than in those of people without it. Individuals with schizophrenia who had delivery complications and who also have a familial risk for schizophrenia show greater enlargement of the ventricles and abnormalities in the hippocampus.Which neurotransmitter is thought to play a role in schizophrenia?Dopamine hypothesis: positive symptoms involve over activity of dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway, but negative symptoms are due to low levels of dopamine activity in the prefrontal cortex What does “social drift” refer to?Social drift: explanation for the association between schizophrenia and low social status that saysthat because schizophrenia symptoms interfere with a person’s ability to complete an education and hold a job, people with schizophrenia tend to drift downward in social class compared to their family of origin.What is the role of environmental stress in the development of schizophrenia?Expressed emotion theorists suggest that some families of people with schizophrenia are simultaneously over protective and hostile and that this increases the risk for relapse.Cluster A Personality DisordersIdentify the differences between personality disorders and acute disorders.Personality disorder: chronic pattern of maladaptive cognition, emotion, and behavior that beginsby


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FSU CLP 4143 - Schizophrenia

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