REVIEW SP 2016 Abnormal Psychology Exam 2 1 Chapter on Mood and depression there will be a question about mood on the test Define Symptoms of each disorder for the test be able to tell the main differentiating features Depression Major Depression o Sad mood OR loss of interest pleasure Anhedonia PLUS o Sleeping too much or too little psychomotor retardation or agitation poor appetite weight loss increased appetite weight gain loss of energy feelings of worthlessness or guilt difficulty concentrating thinking decision making recurrent thoughts of death or suicide o Can be episodic symptoms tend to dissipate over time or recurrent once depression occurs future episodes likely Persistent Depressive disorder previously Dysthymia o Depressed mood for at least 2 years 1 for children PLUS 2 of the following o Poor appetite or overeating sleeping too much or too little poor self esteem trouble concentrating or making decisions feelings of hopelessness o Combines 2 disorders formerly named Dysthymia and Major depressive disorder chronic subtype Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder o In most menstrual cycles during the past YEAR at least 5 of these symptoms were present in the final week before menses and improved within a few days of menses onsest o Affective lability irritability depressed mood hopelessness self deprecating thoughts anxiety diminished interest in usual activities difficulty concentrating lack of energy changes in appetite overeating food craving sleeping too much or too little subjective sense of being overwhelmed or out of control physical symptoms such as breast tenderness or swelling joint pain bloating Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder o For children adolescents Was developed because of over diagnosis of childhood bipolar disorder o Severe recurrent temper outbursts in response to common stressors including verbal or behavioral expressions of temper that are out of proportion in intensity or duration to the provocation o Symptoms have been present for at least 1 year and do not clear for more than 3 months at a time temper outbursts with negative mood are present in at least 2 settings and severe in at least one setting Age 6 or higher onset before age 10 What is Seasonal affective disorder Bipolar Disorder mania is defining feature of each 2 Bipolar I Bipolar II most extreme mania Depressive episode not required At least one episode of severe hypomania severe depression At least one major depressive episode with at least mania one episode of hypomania form of bipolar disorder Lasts at least 2 years in adults 1 in children Numerous periods with hypomanic and depressive symptoms Does NOT meet criteria for mania or major depressive episode Symptoms do not clear for more than 2 months at a time hypomania mild depression cycles up and down Milder chronic thymic disorder Cyclo Mania state of intense elation or irritability hypomania symptoms of mania but less intense Does not involve significant impairment mania does What kind of sleep problems are associated with Mania o Decreased need for sleep Describe Aaron Beck s Cognitive Theory of Depression o Negative Triad negative view of self world future o Negative schema underlying tendency to see the world negatively o Negative schema causes cognitive biases tendency to process information in negative ways Define Seligman s attribution theory o Stable and global attributions can cause hopelessness Define Susan Nolen Hoeksema s theory regarding rumination o A specific way of thinking tendency to repetitively dwell on sad thoughts Most detrimental is to brood over causes of events Hopelessness Theory Lynn Abramson o Most important trigger of depression is hopelessness Desirable outcomes will not occur person has no ability to change situation What are the neurotransmitters involved in mood disorders What are the characteristics of individuals with depression that negatively impact interpersonal o Serotonin relationships o Excessive reassurance seeking few positive facial expressions negative self disclosures slow speech and long silences Treatments for depression Interpersonal psychotherapy IPT relationships Medications anticonvulsants antipscyhotics short term psychodynamic therapy Focus on current MAO antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants SSRI mood stabilizers 3 ECT electroconvulsive therapy reserved for treatment non responders Induce brain seizure and momentary unconsciousness More effective than medications for severe depression Can cause memory loss of depression withdrawal and avoidance increase participation in positively reinforcing activities to disrupt spiral Behavioral activation Treatment for Bipolar Family focused treatment improve problem solving antipsychotic Both also have serious side effects Medications List some facts about suicide educate family about disorder enhance family communication Lithium newer mood stabilizers like Depakote anticonvulsant and Zyprexa Men are 4x more likely than women to kill themselves Women are more likely to make suicide attempts that do not result in death Guns are by far the most common means of suicide in the US 60 Women more likely to use pills Suicide rate increases with old age Highest rate is white males 50 years old List common Myths of Suicide People who discuss suicide will not actually commit suicide Suicide is committed without warning Suicidal people want to die People who attempt suicide by low lethal means are not serious about killing themselves Chapter 6 Anxiety Team 4 Define symptoms Specific phobias o Disproportionate fear of a particular object or situation Most specific phobias cluster around a few feared objects and situations Symptoms persist for at least 6 months High comorbidity of specific phobias Social anxiety disorder o Causes more life disruption than other phobias More intense and extensive than shyness Persistent intense fear and avoidance of social situations Fear of negative evaluation or scrutiny Exposure to trigger leads to anxiety about being humiliated or embarrassed socially 33 also diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder Symptoms persist for at least 6 months Panic disorder 4 o Frequent panic attacks unrelated to specific situations Requires recurrent uncued attacks Causes worry about future panic attacks At least 1 month of concern about the possibility of more attacks Panic attack sudden intense episode of apprehension terror feelings of impending doom Intense urge to flee Symptoms reach peak intensity within 10 minutes Also
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