Crib Sheet Abnormal Exam 2Content Of Exam:- Mood Disorders- Chapter 6. Anxiety Disorders- Chapter 7 OCD PTSD- CBT for Depression & Anxiety (PowerPoint only)- Questions from a conversation with Aaron Beck- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POYXzA-gS4U Chapter on depression:Briefly describe each disorder:- Bipolar disordero Bipolar I: At least on episode of mania lasting 1 week. Depressive symptoms can occur, but required for Bipolar Io Bipolar II: At least one major depressive episode with at least one episode of hypomania (symptoms lasting 4 days, clear changes in functioning that are observable to others but impairment is not marked, no psychotic symptoms) Depressive episode required- Cyclothymic disordero Milder, chronic form of bipolar disordero Lasts at least 2 years in adults, 1 year in children/adolescents o Numerous periods with hypomanic and depressive symptomso Does not meet the criteria for mania or major depressive episodeo Symptoms don’t clear for more than 2 months at a time- Major depressiono Sad mood or loss of interest or pleasure (called anhedonia)o Symptoms are present nearly every day, or most of the day, for at least 2 weeks and included four of the following Sleeping too much or too little Psychomotor retardation or agitation Poor appetite and weight loss, or increased appetite and weight gain Loss of energy Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt Difficulty concentrating, thinking, or making decisions Recurrent thoughts of death or suicideo Not due to normal bereavement (death)- Dysthymic disordero Now called Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)o Depressed mood for at least 2 years, 1 year for children/adolescents plus 2 other symtoms Poor appetite or overeating Sleeping too much or too little Poor self-esteem Trouble concentrating or making decisions Feelings of hopelessnessDefine:- Pressured speech- Flight of ideas o Subjective impression that thoughts are racingo According to the DSM-5, this is a symptom present in manic and hypomanic episodes- How is mania different from hypomania?o Mania last for 1 week, while hypomania lasts for 4 dayso Mania symptoms cause significant distress or functional impairment, while hypomania shows clear changes in functioning that are observable but impairment is not marked- Describe Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) by Aaron Beck?o Systematic exposure to feared situations. o Beck’s Theory Negative triad: negative view of self, world, future Negative schema: underlying tendency to see the world negatively Negative schema cause cognitive biases: tendency to process information in negative ways- *What is attribution theory?- *What are risk factors for suicide?o Low serotonin levelso Overly reactive HPA system (hypothalamus-pituitary-amygdala) Triggers release of cortisol (stress hormone) which makes the amygdala over-reactive)o Economic recessionso Media reports of suicideo Social isolation and a lack of social belongingo Problem-solving deficito Hopelessness/low life satisfaction- How does the focus of treatment for depression differ between CBT and Interpersonal therapy?o Interpersonal theory focuses on current relationships while CBT focuses more on changing behaviors- Describe the treatment of Behavioral Activation.o Increase participation in positively reinforcing activities to disrupt spiral of depression, withdrawal, and avoidance. - What are some of the more common (biological) treatments for depression? (e.g. medications, etc.).o Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)o MAO Antidepressantso Tricyclic Antidepressantso Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI)o Mood Stabilizers Antipsychotics/Anticonvulsants- What are some of the medications used for depression?^^^- What are the common medications used for Bipolar disorder?o Mood Stabilizers Lithium- Up to 80% receive at least some relief with this mood stabilizer, but has a potential serious side-effect of lithium toxicity Antipsychotics- Zyprexa Anticonvulsants- DepakoteChapter Anxiety:Define:- Specific phobiaso Disproportionate fear of a particular object or situationo Fear out of proportion to the actual threato Most specific phobias cluster around a few feared objects and situations o High comorbidity of specific phobiaso Ex. Fear of flying, snakes, heights, etc. - Social anxiety disordero Persistent, intense fear and avoidance of social situationso Fear of negative evaluation or scrutinyo Exposure to trigger leads to anxiety about being humiliated or embarrassed sociallyo Onset often adolescenceo More intense and extensive than shyness- Panic disorder o Frequent panic attacks unrelated to specific situations Panic attack: sudden, intense episode of apprehension, terror, feelings of impendingdoom, intense urge to flee. Symptoms reach peak intensity within 10 minutes.- Agoraphobiao Anxiety about inability to flee anxiety-provoking situations E.g. crowds, stores, malls, churches, trains, bridges, tunnels, etc.o From the Greek word “agora” or marketplaceo Causes significant impairment- Generalized anxiety disorder o Involved chronic, excessive, uncontrollable worry. Excessive anxiety and worry at least 50 percent of days about at least two life domains (e.g., family, health, finances, work, and school) o Lasts at least 6 monthso Interferes with daily life. Patients often can’t decide on a solution or course of actionso Other symptoms include restlessness, poor concentration, tiring easily, irritability, and muscle tension. o Common worries: Relationships, health, finances, daily hassleso Often begins in adolescence or earlier I’ve always been this way- What is Taijin kyofusho?o Japanese fear of offending or embarrassing others- Briefly describe each of the following risk factors for anxiety: (risk for more than 1 anxiety disorder)o Behavioral conditioning (two-factor model) Conditioned responses to threat Sustained by avoidance of safety behaviors- Avoid eye contact, appear aloof, stand apart from others Risk factors act as diatheses- Vulnerabilities influence development of phobiaso Genetic vulnerability Relatives with a phobia increases risk for other anxiety disorders in addition to phobiao Behavioral inhibition Tendency to be agitated, distressed, and cry in unfamiliar novel settings Observed in infants as young as 4 months May be inherited. Predicts anxiety in childhood and social anxiety in adolescenceo Neuroticism React with negative
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