Abnormal Psychology CLP 4143: Noah Venables FSUExam 4 Chapter 8 Learning Objectives1. KEY TERMS:o Psychosis: unable to tell difference between what is real and what is unrealo Schizophrenia: disorder of unreal or disorganized thoughts and perceptons as well as verbal, cognitive & behavioral deficitso Positive symptoms: (schizophrenia), delusions, hallucinations, disorganizedor catatonic behavior & disorganized thought & speecho Delusions: ideas that an individual believes are true but are highly unlikely and often simply impossibleo Persecutory delusions: people believe they are being watched or tormentedby people they know or by agencies in authority with whom they have never had direct contacto Delusions of reference: people believe that random events or comments by others are directed at themo Grandiose delusions: beliefs that one is a special being or possesses special powers. o Delusions of thought insertion: beliefs that one’s thoughts are being controlled by outside forceso Auditory hallucinations: most common, more in women than men, hearing voices, music…o Visual hallucinations: second most common, are accompanied by auditory, sighto Tactile hallucinations: involve perception that something is happening to outside of the person’s bodyo Somatic hallucinations: involve perception that something is happening inside of the person’s body o Formal thought disorder: disorganized thinking of people with schizophreniao Catatonia: disorganized behavior that reflects unresponsiveness to the worldo Negative symptoms: losses, deficits in certain domainso Affective flattening: blunted affective (emotional) responses to the environmento Alogia: poverty of speech, a reduction of speakingo Avolition: inability to persist at common goal-directed activities: work, school & homeo Prodromal symptoms: symptoms that are present before people go into theacute phase of schizophreniao Residual symptoms: symptoms that are present after they emerge from the acute phaseo Paranoid schizophrenia: have prominent delusions & hallucinations that involve themes of persecution and grandiosityo Disorganized schizophrenia: do not have well-formed delusions or hallucinationso Catatonic schizophrenia: variety of motor behaviors & ways of speaking that suggest almost complete unresponsiveness to their environmento Undifferentiated schizophrenia: have symptoms that meet the criteria for schizophrenia but do not meet criteria for paranoid, disorganized or catatonic o Residual schizophrenia: have had at least one acute episode of acute positive symptoms of schizophrenia but do not currently show any prominent positive symptomso Schizoaffective disorder: mix of schizophrenia and a mood disordero Schizophreniform disorder: requires individuals meet Criteria A,D and E for schizophrenia but show symptoms that last only 1-6 monthso Brief psychotic disorder: sudden onset of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or disorganized behavioro Delusional disorder: have delusions lasting at least 1 month regarding situations that occur in real life: being followed, poisoned, deceived by a spouse, or a diseaseo Shared psychotic disorder: delusions from relationship with someone who already has delusions.o Phenothiazine or neuroleptics: drugs to reduce schizophrenia symptomso Mesolimbic pathway: subcortical part of brain involved in cognition and emotiono Social drift: schizo. symptoms interfere with a person’s ability to complete an education and hold down a job, drift downward in social class compared to a class of family of origino Expressed emotion: overinvolved w/ one another, overprotective, voice self-sacrificing attitudes while being critical, hostile and resentfulo Chlorpromazines: class of drugs called phenothiazines, calms agitation & reduces hallucinations & delusions2. Prevalence of schizophrenia: 1-2% lifetime in US, .5-2% worldwide, more common in men. Women onset late 20s to early 30s, men onset around 21, women have better prognosis & show fewer cognitive deficits3. There are two types of symptoms: positive and negative. Positive are added experiences and negative are absences of behaviors4. There are 6 types of delusions:1. Persecutory: fear of persecution2. Reference: random events of oneself3. Grandiose: great power, knowledge, truth4. Guilt or sin: terrible act/event5. Somatic: body diseased/altered6. Being controlled: thoughts, feelings, behaviors imposed, controlled by external forceThere are 4 types of hallucinations:1. Auditory: voices2. Visual: accompanied with auditory3. Tactile: outside body4. Somatic: inside bodyFormal thought disorder is word salad, and neologisms: making up words that only have meaning to him/her. Disorganized behavior is only unpredictable and un-triggered, sweating, shouting. Catatonia is disorganized behaviors & a lack of responsiveness.5. 1. Affective Flattening: absence of affective emotional responses to environment2. Alogia: poverty of speech, reaction in speaking3. Avolition: inability to persist @ common goal-directed activities: work, school, home6. Schizophrenia is debilitating 1. prodromal phase: symptoms present before criteria is met2. acute: active psychosis3. residual phase: symptoms present after acute phase7. Patients can present with different symptoms, not one uniform disease. DSM-5 no longer recognizes subtypes, all under one diagnosis.8. Life Expectancy is shorter by 10 years, 50-80% of hospitalized will be re-hospitalized, higher rates of suffering infectious & circulatory diseases, 10-15% commit suicide, high relapse, women (see question 2)9. Schizoaffective: mix of mood & SZ symptoms. SZ= delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech & behavior and/or negative symptoms. Mood=major depressive episode, manic episode or mixed mania/depressionSchizophreniform: rare: SZ symptoms 1-6 months (Criteria A, D & E)delusional disorder: rare, delusions > 1 month regarding situations: followed, poisoned, deceived by spouse, disease10. Genetic component to transmission of SZ, no single genetic abnormality, different genes: different symptoms ~50% concordance rates in MZ twins ~14% concordance rates in DZ twins ~50% if both parents have SZ, offspring will 11. Enlarged ventricles, prefrontal cortex, limbic system, hippocampus, neurotransmitters: overactive/underactive. DA in mesolimbic/prefrontal12. UNKNOWN?13. Social drift downward, stress & relapse, family: expressed emotion14. drug therapies: neuroleptics/antipsychotic drugs, huge side
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