Unit 1 Movement and Physiology BSC 1005 Dr Bryant Chase 1 9 15 Homeostasis o Maintaining a constant internal environment with changes in activity Our bodies are adapted and can change to move and perform in a remarkably broad range of conditions and circumstances o Changes in physiology associated with diseases genetic mutations infections Pathophysiology environmental factors etc Blood Blood Composition o Connects tissues and cells in the body o Cells o Plasma Red White Platelets cell fragments Water Electrolytes ions and small molecules Includes gases O2 and CO2 food molecules and metabolic wastes Proteins Chemical Signals hormones Some are proteins and others and bound to proteins Hematocrit Red Blood Cells RBCs o of blood volume Red Blood Cells o Determines O2 carrying capacity of blood in normal individuals o Erythrocytes White Blood Cells Leukocytes Platelets o o Thrombocytes o Cell Fragments o Bi Concave Shape Red Blood Cells are specialized to transport oxygen O2 Short diffusion distance for 02 Cytoskeleton protein spectrin maintains shape O2 transport in blood Dissolved in plasma and cytoplasm of blood cells Like the frame of a building Bound to hemoglobin Hb o RBCs are filled with lots of Hb Myoglobin and hemoglobin are O2 binding proteins in Muscle and Blood o Myoglobin binds 1 O2 o Hemoglobin binds 4 O2 Binding 1 O2 increases the binding of the next Sir A V Hill Red Blood Cells also participate in CO2 transport o CO2 transport in blood Dissolved in plasma and cytoplasm of blood cells Bound to Hb after it has released O2 Converted to carbonic acid H2CO3 by an enzyme Enzyme carbonic anhydrase In RBCs Carbonic Acid comes apart bicarbonate H2CO3 and H proton CO2 and HCO3 can easily leave and re enter RBCs Erythropoiesis o New red blood cells come from marrow of bone An individual RBC circulates in blood for only 3 4 months New RBCs come from stem cells that divide replicate and specialize differentiate into RBCs Occurs in red marrow of bone Maturation takes about one week Note RBC loses nucleus during maturation more room for Hb RBC production is primarily controlled by a hormone erythropoietin EPO EPO stimulates RBC production EPO produced by kidneys Example of homeostasis moving to live in the mountains Less atmospheric O2 at elevation Less O2 in blood especially during activity Kidneys produce more EPO More RBCs are provided o Molecular origin of Sickle Cell Disease New White Blood Cells WBCs come from red marrow of bone o Cell distortion o New WBCs come from stem cells that divide replicate that specialize differentiate WBCs Platelets thrombocytes are cell fragments produced by megakaryocytes o New platelets come from red marrow of bone Come from karyocytes Blood Plasma Composition o Water o Electrolytes ions o Small molecules Dissolved gases O2 and CO2 also N2 Food molecules and metabolic wastes o Proteins o Chemical signals hormones Major proteins in blood plasma Some are proteins and others are bound to proteins o Albumins o Globulins Fibrinogen Lipoprotein assemblies o o Includes antibodies Blood clotting with platelets Apolipoprotein lipids including cholesterol High density lipoprotein HDL good cholesterol Low density lipoprotein LDL bad cholesterol o Protein hormones o Note Hb and carbonic anhydrase are within RBCs i e not like plasma proteins Blood Clotting coagulation involves both platelets and fibrinogen Antibodies are blood proteins globulins that help protect against infection o Stops bleeding from damaged blood vessels o A protein component of the immune system o Vaccination primes the immune system to produce antibodies against new Heat transport by blood and role in regulation of body temperature Benefits individuals and society Blood vessels constrict vasoconstrictional resulting in heat infections o Cold Days conservation o Hot Days Blood vessels dilate vasodilational resulting in heat loss Blood Cancers world o Cancers and cardiovascular diseases are the top two killers in the developed o Cancers occur when cells multiply at an abnormally high rate o Several types of cancers involve abnormal production of WBCs Cancer cells don t function normally Can also affect production of RBCs and platelets Metastasis Lymph o Some treatment for cancers decrease WBC count o Cancer cells travel in the blood from a tumor to other parts of the body o Not blood o Lymphs form from fluid between cells Interstitial fluid o Lymph travels in vessels of the lymphatic system and eventually ends up Blood circulates in blood vessels of the cardiovascular system mixing with blood Travels one way does not circulate like blood I Clicker Question o Food molecules glucose amino acids etc are distributed through the body in the blood along with CO2 and O2 Cardiovascular Physiology o Cardiovascular system Blood heart vasculate blood vessels Human Heart o Pump of CV System Cardiac muscle Blood vessels that supply blood to heart muscle o 4 chambers o 4 valves 2 atria 2 ventricles 2 between atria and ventricles 2 between ventricles and arteries The function of the valve is to make sure it goes in the correct direction Pump oxygenated blood to all parts of body except lungs o Left atrium and ventricle More muscular o Right atrium and ventricle Circulation of blood Pump de oxygenated blood to the lungs o Blood is pumped through the body in a circuit o Pulmonary circulation top One way route Right atrium and ventricle pump de oxygenated blood white to lungs O2 gained and CO2 released in lungs Oxygenated blood gray returns to left atrium o Systemic Circulation bottom Left atrium and ventricle pump oxygenated blood gray to all parts of the body except lungs Tissues use O2 and produce CO2 Systemic circulation De Oxygenated blood white returns to right atrium Note blood pressures throughout circuit Pressure is higher on the left side of the heart because the muscle is stronger o Contraction of heart must be highly coordinated to pump blood effectively o Coordinated spread of electrical signal across heart triggers contraction of Cardiac Cycle Electrical atria first then ventricles Electrocardiogram ECG or EKG o Electrical activity of heart measured outside the body o P Wave o QRS Complex o T Wave Depolarization of the atria Depolarization of the ventricles Depolarization and recovery of the ventricle Cardiac Cycle Diastole o Heart is relaxed o Atria and ventricles fill with blood o Cardiac Cycle Mechanical Systole Valves open between atria and ventricles Valves closed between ventricles and
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