Chapter 1 Exam 2 Study Guide Be able to state the characteristics of green plants 1 Plants are green because their mode of nutrition is through photosynthesis a Photosynthesis process by which plants gain carbon and energy for growth they use the energy of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into sugars i Sugars are used by plants to build all other compounds needed for growth and provides energy 2 Plants cannot move because each plant cell is surrounded by a rigid cell wall a Wall provides structural support that allows the plant to spread out a huge surface area to catch sunlight 3 Method of reproduction plants make flowers a Also makes fruits seeds and in case of the ferns mosses they make spores Know that organisms are named according to the binomial system genus species o Carl Linnaeus created two word binomial name classification system in the mid 1700s o Two word name binomial the genus and species Ex Zea Mays corn plant Ex Homo Sapiens humans Know that organisms are classified on the basis of their evolutionary genetic relatedness o Classified into Kingdoms then in descending hierarchical order 1 Kingdom 2 Phylum 3 Class 4 Order 5 Family 6 Genus 7 Species Classified on the basis of their evolutionary genetic relatedness o Not just their physical features Know that the kingdom is the highest most all inclusive grouping of life and be able to name the 5 kingdoms of life o 5 Kingdoms the highest most all inclusive grouping of life Plant Animal Fungi Protista Bacteria Know that bacteria were the first organisms to evolve Approximate times at which 1 Life appeared 2 Photosynthesis evolved 3 The more complex groups of organisms evolved from bacteria Life Appeared 3 5 BYA Bacteria had evolved photosynthesis 3 BYA 1 5 BYA 1 BYA More complex groups of organisms evolved from bacteria Multicellular Plants fungi and animals evolved o 3 5 Billion years ago Life appeared 3 billion years ago o 1 5 billion years ago The more complex groups of organisms evolved Photosynthesis evolved from bacteria multicellular o 1 million years ago plants fungi and animals evolved Green land plants evolved separated from the other group about 1 billion years ago Animals are more closely related to fungi than they are to plants o Organisms most closely related are animals and fungi 3 5 BYA3 BYA1 5 BYA1 BYA Chapter 2 Know that all living things are composed of cells and that the cell is the basic unit of life each cell is surrounded by a membrane and each cell contains a nucleus and cytoplasm o The cell membrane surrounds the cell and is a thin lipid membrane that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell o Inside the membrane there is the cytoplasm and nucleus where the o Cytoplasm genetic material DNA is located pertaining to growth and metabolism s is the site of photosynthesis o Chloroplast is loaded with tiny structures called organelles that do jobs Chloroplasts are green because they contain chlorophyll that absorbs sunlight and drives photosynthesis Not present in root or inner parts of stem do not photosynthesize Know that plant cells have all the components found in animals cells but in addition have a cell wall on the outside of the cell membrane and chloroplasts where photosynthesis takes place in the cytoplasm o Chloroplasts is where photosynthesis takes place Root cells interior parts of the stem fruit and flowers do not have chloroplasts The function of the cell wall is to provide rigid structural support and strength to the plant Be able to state the overall chemical reaction of photosynthesis o Light energy is trapped by chloroplasts and used to power a chemical reaction in which carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is combined with water to make sugars Oxygen is a by product of photosynthesis CO2 H2O Sugars O2 This is the reaction that makes life possible Sugars provide carbon needed for building all the other chemical compounds in the plant Bringing carbon into a form that can be used to make the molecules of out bodies and converting sunlight into energy organisms can use Be able to outline the carbon cycle o Carbon from the atmosphere passes to plants and then to animals and then back to the atmosphere Note that any dead plant or animal matter is broken down to CO2 through the process of respiration by bacteria and fungi in the soil o Know that animals obtain their carbon by eating plants and that animals get their energy by digesting plant materials breaking them down to CO2 water through the process of respiration o Respiration is the reverse chemical reaction of photosynthesis o Sugars O2 CO2 H20 Energy o CO2 is released back into the atmosphere through respiration Know the functions of xylem and phloem of plants o Xylem o Phloem moves water from the roots to the leaves moves sugars from the leaves to the roots o Know what transpiration is and its relation to photosynthesis o Transpiration and then out to the atmosphere is the movement of water from the roots to the leaves o During photosynthesis plants lose large amounts of water to the atmosphere because carbon dioxide enter plant cells by dissolving in the liquid on the cells surfaces Meanwhile water evaporates from the cell surface and escapes to the atmosphere so plants land plants need large amounts of water to photosynthesize Know what guard cells and stomates are where they are located and their role in regulating transpiration o Stomates and allows CO2 uptake and water release shrink to open or close the pore o Guard cells are the pores on the waxy layer on the surface of the leaf are special cells that surround the stomates that swell or When the soil has plenty of water the guard cells swell and open the stomates allowing CO2 in and water to escape When the soil is dry the guard cells shrink and close the stomates When closed plants lose much less water but it cannot take in CO2 so photosynthesis stops Cellulose is the molecule in the cell walls that provides most of their strength and that cellulose is composed of chains of sugars that are assembled into rods that are highly resistant to degradation resistant to being broken down Be able to explain the difference between a hypothesis and a theory o Scientific theory that has been repeatedly tested and shown to hold true is a broad explanation of some natural phenomenon Ex Cell Theory the cell is the basic unit of life all organisms are composed of cells and all cells arise from preexisting cells by cell division o Scientific Hypothesis
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