this includes in class booklet notes professor lectures comments elaborations examples ALL PowerPoint slide notes and iClicker questions COMPLETE LECTURE NOTES BSC1005 UNIT 1 Movement and Physiology 1 8 2016 ch 1 Physiology the science of biological function Blood pumped through heart is pumped through the whole body delivers oxygen and nutrients to the cells takes away waste like CO2 from your metabolism From atoms and ions molecules cells tissues organs organ systems to people studying physiology helps us to understand similarities and unique adaptation of other animals and organisms homeostasis maintaining a constant internal environment with changes in activity our bodies are adapted and can change to move and perform in a remarkably broad range of conditions and circumstances ex increasing blood supply and O2 to muscle during exercise maintains energy needed for muscle contraction Limit if not enough O2 is supplied muscles produce lactic acid When the body exercises it attempts to maintain a constant internal environment even when the activity change has changed body heat and it works to deliver oxygen to the body When the body is working extremely hard lactic acid is produced Ex maintaining body temperature in cold environments Mechanisms reduce hear loss by reducing blood flow to skin increase heat production by shivering People in cold environments need to maintain their internal body temperature Reduce heat loss reduce blood flow Increase heat shivering muscle contractions pathophysiology changes in physiology associated with diseases genetic mutation infections environmental factors Biomedical research is helping us to understand normal and pathophysiology with benefits for individuals families and society Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant internal environment learning about physiology understand disease mechanisms understand our body s response to disease find treatments and cures Ch 2 Blood composition o Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets cell fragments o Plasma water electrolytes ions and small molecules proteins chemical signals hormones includes gasses O2 and CO2 good molecules and metabolic wastes some are proteins and others are bound to proteins Hematocrit an important measurement of blood volume RBCs Determines O2 carrying capacity of blood in normal individuals red blood cells are the most of the cellular volume fewer white blood cells and platelets the rest is plasma red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen the more red blood cells the more oxygen is being carried blood loss leads to decrease in hematocrit anemia means decrease in hematocrit hormonal imbalances make hematocrit too high Cellular components of blood Red blood cells RBCs erythrocytes white blood cells WBCs leukocytes platelets thrombocytes cell fragments RBCs specialize in transporting O2 o Biconcave shape short diffusion distance for O2 cytoskeleton protein spectrin maintains shape like the frame of a building o O2 transport in blood dissolved in plasma and cytoplasm of blood cells bound to hemoglobin Hb RBCs are filled with lots of Hb RBCs have no nucleus more room for Hb vast majority of oxygen in the body is bound by red blood cells Hb cab carry a lot of oxygen RBCs are unique because they have no nucleus which leaves a lot of room for more Hb which is also more room for more oxygen to be carried Hemoglobin a protein myoglobin and hemoglobin are O2 binding proteins in muscle and blood made up of 4 polypeptides Myo refers to muscle Red muscles have oxygen stored in them Myo binds 1 oxygen Hb binds 4 O2 binding 1 O2 increases the binding of the next Red blood cells also participate in CO2 transport CO2 transports in blood dissolved in plasma and cytoplasm of blood cells bound to Hb after it has released O2 converted to carbonic acid H2CO3 by an enzyme enzyme a protein carbonic anhydrase 1 11 2016 RBC production RBC production is primarily controlled by a hormone erythropoietin EPO EPO stimulates RBC production EPO is produced by kidneys EX of homeostasis mobbing to live in the mountains less atmospheric O2 at elevation less O2 in blood especially during activity kidneys produce more EPO more RBC s are produced because there s less oxygen Therefore there s less oxygen supply this stimulates your kidneys to produce EPO EPO stimulates more RBC s to be produced if you have higher RBC s that means that there s more hematocrit and more hemoglobin being produced oxygen levels increase Erythropoiesis new RBC s come from red marrow of the bone Why do we have to keep producing more RBC s Because any RBC circulates in the body for 3 4 months They need to renewed multiple times in the year o new RBC s come from stem cells that divide replicate and specialize differentiate into RBC s this occurs in the red marrow of the bone maturation takes about a week note RBC loses nucleus during maturation more room for Hb iClicker question Hemoglobin is a protein in RBC s that has four binding sites to cooperatively bind OXYGEN Sickle cell disease a mutation normal hemoglobin has the 4 oxygen units on the other hand if just one letter in the DNA code changes then you end up with two of the subunits that are mutated and they conform together to make a polymer and distorts the shape of the RBC to form a sickle shaped cell which is where the name of the cell comes from Cellular components of blood RBC erythrocytes WBC Platelets leukocytes come from red marrow bone same place as RBC new WBC come from stem cells that divide replicate and specialize differentiate into WBCs occurs in red marrow of bone main function of WBC s is to protect the body against infections and are a vital part of the body s immune system thrombocytes cell fragments much smaller than WBC s and RBC s they are literally little pieces of cell that have been broken off new platelets come from red marrow of bone new platelets come from cells called megakaryocytes megakaryocytes come from stem cells that divide replicate and specialize differentiate into megakaryocytes both processes occur in red marrow of bone iClicker question Hb is NOT a cellular component of the cell Blood plasma composition water electrolytes ions ex sodium ion chloride ion potassium ion calcium ion magnesium ion small molecules dissolved gasses O2 and CO2 also N2 food molecules and metabolic waste like sugars amino acids fats and CO2 and lactic acid Proteins Chemical signals hormones Major proteins in plasma some are proteins and others are
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