8 27 2015 The definition for abnormal behavior Not a single solid definition Each tends to only capture a piece An atypical behavior When viewing a bell curve a few standard deviations away from the mean This means rare behaviors However some conditions are very common Not culturally expected Violate social norms distinguish abnormal from eccentric Deviant antisocial behavior Personal distress emotional pain and suffering to self or others Causes dysfunction Diagnosis Diagnoses can be harmful and exacerbate the symptoms they give people an expectation that they will feel the symptoms This is a controversial topic They help communication among health professionals beneficial for researchers Psychological dysfunction Breakdown in function emotionally behaviorally cognitive Interference with everyday tasks Scientist Practitioner Framework Is an approach taken that involves the interaction of clinical work and science Consumer of science informs practice Evaluator of practice utilizes science Creator of science Synthesizes both History of Abnormal behavior Supernatural theories believed early on divine intervention curses demons personal sin treatment will be harsh and irrational sometimes Etiology sin treatment positive environment Biological theories physical disease breakdown of bodily systems treatment involves biological treatment including surgery Psychological theory Mental disorders as a result of trauma or maladaptive behavior Treatment involves therapy Asylums were developed to treat these Shock therapy was used Focused on providing normal nurturing environments and interactions Moral therapy 9 1 2015 Psychological Perspective Psychoanalytic theory Sigmund Freud Psychological problems fueled by unconscious repressed Psychoanalytic brings these problems to light and the treatment conflicts is self awareness Key terms Free association Resistance Dream interpretation Transference Freud s Legacy Positive Promotes tolerance destigmatize mental illness he listened to people over a long period of time instead of giving them orders Negative This was not testable the concept of repressed memories has been criticized therapists could potentially create these negative memories most principles have been discredited Behavior Therapy Used very testable tactics Learning principles applied to the treatment of mental illness Very objective Pavlov Classical Conditioning Watson Classical Conditioning and Phobias Thorndike and skinner Operant and Instrumental Conditioning Systematic desensitization Criticism Approach only treats symptoms not underlying causes Ignores beliefs interpretations which may be important Exposure based treatment is very effective with anxiety maintaining factors Strengths disorders Easy to administer Humanistic Therapy Carl Rodgers Client centered therapy Assumptions Mental illness derives from attempting to earn others positive regard Self awareness and self acceptance will lead to a cure Unconditional positive regard Client Centered Therapy Non directive approach Active listening Unconditional positive regard Carl Rodgers Rodgers Legacy Negative Subjective not scientific Directive Therapy was found to be more effective for most problems Cognitive Therapy Positive First one to systematically analyze therapy outcome Thoughts intervene between events and emotional reactions Present Focused The Masseuse Identify negative behavior Socratic questioning to challenge maladaptive thoughts Behavior exposures environment Strong research reports this Clients must have a certain level of insight intelligence May be difficult to implement Depression is usually triggered by life events Internal beliefs affect how you turn out depressed not depressed 9 3 2015 CH 2 Integrative Approach to Psychopathology Nature vs Nurture A classic conflict Nature Biological Genetics Nurture Enviormental Modern theories recognize the connections between the two The Old Biological Paradigm Abnormal body processes cause psychopathology Referred to as medical or disease model Medical model has influenced terminology It has been broadened Behavioral Genetics The study of genetics of personality and abnormality Genetic Basics 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs 22 pairs are for body brain development 1 pair determines gender Most disorders are related to altered individual genes Researching Genetics Family History Studies Tracing family history to see if a certain disorder runs in the family Twin Studies Helps determine the contribution of genetics to disorders Concordance rate The probability that one twin has a disorder if the other has it as well If there is a genetic component the concordance rate should be higher for MZ than DZ twins ie 1 of population has schizophrenia Concordance rate between DZ twins is 15 Concordance rate between MZ twins is 50 However environment may play a role too We can study twins that were separated at birth Studies found that children s behavior relates more to biological Abuse and divorce have a significant effect on children Parenting influences manners values discipline etc Structural Brain Abnormalities The location of brain damage influences specific psychological parents problems Structural damage can come from blunt force trauma or diseases that deteriorate the brain Neurotransmitters The messengers that carry impulses from one neuron to another Disorders result from Too little or too much neurotransmitter in a synapse Too few or insensitive receptors The major neurotransmitter Serotonin implicated in everything Dopamine Regulates reinforcement rewards affected by alcohol related to muscle control Norepinephrine Produced in brainstem fight flight reaction cocaine prolongs these effects Neuroscience and psychopathology Psychosocial influences on the brain placebos psychotherapy stress and early development Relationship between brain and behavior is bidirectional Diathesis Stress Vulnerability Stress model Biological Social stress Psychological cognition Vulnerability Genes brain anomalies biochemistry Stress Onset of a diseases exposure to toxins Vulnerability Maladaptive upbringing exposure to chronic Stress Major loss Traumatic event Vulnerability Unconscious conflicts poor skills maladaptive Stress Perceived loss of control violation of trust Reciprocal Gene Environment Model Genes shape how we create our environment Inherited predispositions that increase likelihood to engage in activities or seek out situations examples divorce depression Florida Hurricane Study
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