BSC 1005 Unit 1 Exam Chapter 1 Physiology 1 Physiology the science of biological function a Biological function is centered around structure both higher and lower i Ex molecule cell tissue organ organ systems and human organism 2 Homeostasis the maintenance of a constant internal environment despite external changes a ex if your muscles are not receiving sufficient oxygen during exercise your body will produce and utilize lactic acid instead b ex in a cold environment your body produces a shivering response to c ex at high altitudes your body responds to low levels of oxygen by producing stimulate muscles and produce heat more oxygen carrying red blood cells 3 Pathophysiology changes in physiology associated with diseases ex genetic mutations infections environmental factors etc a Understanding disease mechanisms is important because i ii iii It helps us to better relate and help people we know with diseases It helps us better understand normal physiological processes There is also a financial toll ex poor health increases costs of health care and can decrease productivity at work Chapter 2 Blood 1 Our blood is part of the circulatory system a Blood is pumped through blood vessels and delivers oxygen to parts of the body through the use of hemoglobin proteins i Hemoglobin Hb the oxygen binding protein in red blood cells Each hemoglobin consists of four polypeptide subunits b Heat is also distributed through our blood and excess is lost through our skin c Blood is a type of connective tissue i Blood is considered a connective tissue because it connects cells throughout of body as it continuously circulates within blood vessels d Circulating blood transports molecules such as oxygen glucose and carbon dioxide from on organ to another and also hormones between cells within different regions of the body 2 Components of blood Mostly water but also made of red blood cells RBCs white blood cells WBCs platelets and plasma a Hematocrit the volume of red blood cells in a blood sample i Hematocrit determines the oxygen carrying capacity of blood in normal individuals 3 Red Blood Cells aka erythrocytes are the most numerous cells found in blood and are specialized for transporting oxygen a Shape RBCs have a biconcave shape to ensure a short diffusion distance for oxygen within the cell and also it allows the oxygen concentration to reach equilibrium b Structure biconcave shape is made possible by its cytoskeleton i RBCs have no nucleus so they cannot divide and reproduce c Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide are transported in the blood and dissolves in plasma and the cytoplasm of the cell i Carbon dioxide is converted to carbonic acid in the blood by carbonic anhydrase d RBCs are bound to and filled with hemoglobin proteins to transport oxygen stem cells e RBCs only live for about 3 4 months new RBCs are produces from located in the red marrow of the bone f Production of RBCs production is primarily controlled by erythropoietin EPO i EPO a glycoprotein hormone produced by kidneys Increasing EPO levels increased stem cell production of RBCs and increases hematocrit and oxygen carrying capacity g Sickle cell disease genetically inherited disease alters 1 amino acid distorts the cells shape which ultimately shortens the cells lifespan and durability can lead to blood vessel blockage Regular red blood cell on the left sickle cell on the right 4 Myoglobin the oxygen binding protein in muscles only bind one oxygen molecule while hemoglobin binds 4 a Not normally found in the blood unless there is damage to the muscle then the myoglobin is released into the blood 5 White Blood Cells WBCs aka leukocyte are the main components of our immune system and only makeup about 1 of our blood volume a There are several types of WBCs but we don t need to know them b Production produces by stem cells in the red bone marrow the same cells that produce RBCs and this process is called Hematopoiesis 6 Blood Platelets aka thrombocytes are tiny cell fragments that help protect against blood loss through blood clotting 7 Blood Plasma mostly made up of water but also of electrolytes small molecules dissolved gasses oxygen carbon dioxide nitrogen proteins albumin globulins fibrinogen and hormones a Makes up about half of blood volume b HDL and LDL cholesterol proteins in plasma HDL is considered to be the good cholesterol and is a low density lipoprotein whereas LDL cholesterol is bad cholesterol and is a protein hormone 8 Blood Clotting aka coagulation clotting occurs when a tissue is damaged and platelets become activated by collagen Then the platelets change shape and block small blood vessels a Clotting is strengthened and stabilized by fibrin stands that form as the soluble protein fibrinogen and are converted to insoluble fibrin stands 9 Antibodies protein components of the immune system that circulate in the blood plasma a Most antibodies that circulate in the blood are made from B cells b Antibodies are globulin proteins that help protect against infection c Antibodies recognize a foreign agent ex flu and bind to the virus and in the future when the same agent enters the body more antibodies will be produced serve as the initial exposure to the infectious agent but without the accompanying illness benefiting the individual and society d Vaccinations 10 Heat Transport Regulation of body temperature blood circulates throughout your body and transports redistributes the heat to all areas a Cold day the blood vessels will become smaller a process called vasoconstriction so that less blood flows The slower blood flow means that less heat is being lost to the environment b Hot day Blood vessels dilate get larger a process called vasodilation which results in more blood flow and ultimately more heat loss 11 Cancer and Blood caner generally occurs when cells multiply at an abnormally high rate resulting in a tumor a Leukemia blood cancer that involves abnormal replication of white blood cells Treatment for these cancers include killing off many white blood cells b Metastasis the process where cancer cells enter the blood and travel to other 12 Lymph NOT BLOOD It is the fluid in between cells interstitial fluid a Lymph doesn t travel in blood vessels but rather in the vessels of the parts of the body lymphatic system Chapter 3 The Heart and Vascular 1 The components of the Circulatory system blood the heart vasculature blood vessels and the lymphatic system 2 The heart The heart is the pump of the cardiovascular system a
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