Physiology and Movement Chapter 1 Physiology Physiology is the science of biological function o Function is closely related to structure To study physiology we look at atoms and ions cells tissues organs and organ systems that make up organisms exp humans Much of physiology is about maintaining homeostasis maintaining a constant internal environment in an organism or cell o Example homeostatic mechanisms to maintain body temperature in either cold or hot weather Pathophysiology changes in physiology associated with diseases genetic mutations infections environmental factors etc Learning about pathophysiology o Understand disease mechanisms o Understand our body s response to disease o Find treatments and cures o Be more understanding of and helpful to people we know Biomedical research is helping us to understand normal and pathophysiology with benefits for individuals families and society Chapter 2 Blood Part of the circulatory system cardiovascular system Connective tissue Complex fluid Composition o Cellular components red blood cells erythrocytes white blood cells leukocytes platelets o Plasma Hematocrit volume of blood occupied by RBCs RBCs are specialized to transport oxygen O2 o Most O2 in the blood is bound to hemoglobin Hb a protein in RBCs Dissolved in plasma and cytoplasm of blood cells RBCs also participate in carbon dioxide CO2 transport o Most CO2 is transported in the blood in the form of carbonic acid H2CO3 and bicarbonate HCO3 Dissolved in plasma and cytoplasm of blood cells o CO2 is converted to H2CO3 by protein enzyme in RBCs Carbonic anhydrase Sickle cell disease o CLICKER QUESTION sickle cell disease is due to a mutation in Hemoglobin which leads to clumping of that protein and a change in shape of Red Blood Cells Many types of WBCs lymphocytes neutrophils eosinophil basophils and monocytes o Part of the immune system help fight infection Platelets are cell fragments blood clotting New blood cells are made in the red marrow of bone Blood Plasma o Water o Electrolytes ions and small molecules Include gasses O2 and CO2 food molecules and metabolic wastes o Proteins o Chemical signals hormones Blood has a role in many physiological processes Some pare proteins and others are bound to proteins o Transport molecules including O2 and CO2 and blood cells o Protection against infections immune system o Repair clotting coagulation o Temperature regulation heat transport Blood diseases including blood cell cancers Chapter 3 Cardiovascular System Circulates blood throughout the body Structure of the human heart KNOW THE STRUCTURE o Pump of the cardiovascular system o Left and right sides o Atria and ventricles o Valves o Electrical components Sinoatrial SA nodes pacemaker and atrioventricular AV node Cardiac electrical cycle and ECG Cardiac mechanical cycle systole contract and diastole relax o Blood pressure in the ventricles and the major arteries Heart sounds lub dupp are from changes in blood motion as valves close and open Relationship between parts of the cardiac cycle Cardiac output CO definition and control Types of structure and function of blood vessels vascular o Arteries capillaries veins o Smooth muscle connective tissue and endothelium Common cardiovascular disease o Atherosclerosis heart attack and stroke and heart failure Circulatory system relationship between the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system CLICKER QUESTION Diastole is phase of the cardiac mechanical cycle when the heart fills with blood Chapter 4 Respiratory System Major structures of airways and lungs o Protective role of mucus Alveoli are the functional units of the lungs across alveoli Breathing o Gas O2 and CO2 exchange between air and blood occurs by diffusion o Inhalation active because major respiratory muscles diaphragm and rib muscles contract o Exhalation passive because major respiratory muscles relax CLICKER QUESTION inhalation is considered an active process because it requires contraction of the diaphragm and rib muscles while exhalation is a passive process Lung volumes and ventilation o Exchange of air within the lungs o Only part of air within the lungs is exchanged with each breath Air within alveoli in the lungs has less O2 and more CO2 than air Pulmonary circulation of blood in the atmosphere o Deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs by the right side of the heart o Diffusion o Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the left side of the heart Pulmonary system and circulatory system o Blood carrying O2 and CO2 is pumped through the entire circulatory system by the heart active contraction of cardiac muscle Gas O2 and CO2 exchange between air in alveoli and blood in capillaries occurs by diffusion Gas O2 and CO2 exchange between blood in capillaries and cells in tissues occurs by diffusion Carbonic acid H2CO3 and bicarbonate HCO3 transported in the blood are converted back to CO2 in the lungs by carbonic anhydrase in RBCs Control of breathing rate and volume o Roles of CO2 carbonic acid and bicarbonate levels in the blood Note importance of same molecules in control of heart rate and Respiratory disease cardiac output o Asthma cystic fibrosis and lung cancer Chapter 5 Muscles Three main types of muscle smooth skeletal cardiac o Common features Myosin and actin proteins Molecular basis of contraction is actin myosin cross bridge cycling which uses ATP as a source of energy Contraction is activated by a temporary increase in calcium ion Ca2 called a Ca 2 transient o Major distinguishing features Skeletal Sarcomere striations voluntary activation attached to skeleton at one or both ends via tendon exp bicep triceps Cardiac Sarcomere striations involuntary activation located in the heart wall exp heart Smooth Not striated involuntary activation located in blood vessels lymphatic vessels trachea etc exp blood vessels Antagonistic pairs enables motion in both directions around joints o Muscles do not actively re lengthen so antagonistic pairs help the muscles activate and re lengthen Skeletal muscles are classified as voluntary because we can consciously decide to make specific movements Motor unit consists of one motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscles fibers cells that are innervated by that motor neuron Sarcomeres basic unit of contraction in striated muscles o Striated muscles shorten when sarcomeres shorten o Sarcomeres shorten because thick myosin filaments slide past thin o Actin myosin cross bridge cycling powers filament sliding when actin filaments
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