CLP4143 Final Exam Sofia Ellingsworth Chapter 9 Personality enduring patterns of thinking and behavior that define the person and distinguish him or her from other people Personality disorder DSM 5 emphasizes the duration and pattern and the social impairment associated with the traits in question If the personality characteristics identified in the DSM 5 criterion sets typically interfere with the person s ability to get along with other people and perform social roles they become more than just a collection of eccentric traits or peculiar habits Personality disorders are associated with Significant social and occupational impairment Beginning stages of onset of more serious form of psychopathology Increased risk for subsequent development of other mental disorders Motives either conscious or unconscious describe the way the person would like things to be and they help to explain why people behave in a particular fashion Affiliation Power o Desire for close relationships with other people o Desire for impact prestige or dominance Temperament personality traits describe how people behave refer to a person s most basic characteristic styles of relating to the world especially those styles that are evident during the first year of life Five factor model FFM explains five personality dimensions 1 Neuroticism 2 Extraversion 3 Openness to experience 4 Agreeableness 5 Conscientiousness DSM 5 classifies 10 specific types of personality disorders organized into 3 clusters defined by a set of characteristic symptoms Cluster A people who often appear odd or eccentric Paranoid Personality Disorder o Tendency to be inappropriately suspicious of others motive and behaviors o Have expectation of being harmed o Completely inflexible in their views and expectations Schizoid Personality Disorder o Indifference to other people coupled with a diminished range of emotional experience and expression Schizotypal Personality Disorder o Centers around peculiar behaviors rather than emotional restriction and social withdrawal o Perceptual and cognitive disturbances o Not psychotic or out of touch with reality Cluster B people who often appear dramatic emotional or erratic Antisocial Personality Disorder o Persistent pattern of irresponsible and antisocial behavior that begins Borderline Personality Disorder o Pervasive pattern of instability in mood and intrapersonal during childhood or adolescence o Impulsive and reckless o Lack conscience relationships o Find it very difficult to be alone o Rapid mood shifts o Anger identity disturbances Histrionic Personality Disorder o Pervasive pattern of emotionality and attention seeking behavior o Emotionally shallow o Tendency of inappropriate exaggeration o Manipulative Narcissistic Personality Disorder o Pervasive pattern of grandiosity need for admiration and inability to empathize with others o Greatly exaggerated sense of self importance Cluster C people who often appear anxious or fearful Avoidant Personality Disorder o Pervasive pattern of social discomfort fear of negative evaluation and o Wants to be liked but easily hurt by even minimal signs of timidity disapproval Dependent Personality Disorder o Pervasive pattern of submissive and clinging behaviors o Afraid of separating from other people whom they are dependent on Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder o Pervasive pattern of orderliness perfectionism and mental and interpersonal inflexibility at the expense of flexibility openness and efficiency o Preoccupied with details and rules o Marked need for control and lack of tolerance for uncertainty Dimensional Perspective on Personality Disorders DSM 5 follows a dimensional model for diagnosis two part process 1 Clinician to make judgment based on identity and self direction and empathy 2 Using ratings of pathological personality traits New dimensional approach offers a more straightforward and comprehensive description of personality pathology Long term prognosis is less optimistic for schizotypal and schizoid personality disorders people with these likely to remain socially isolated and occupationally impaired Schizotypal Personality Disorder SPD Symptoms DSM 5 criteria o Represent a blend of characteristics that have been reported among relatives of schizophrenic patients o Emphasizes social detachment o Emphasizes eccentricity and cognitive or perceptual distortions Causes o Genetically related to schizophrenia o First degree relatives of schizophrenic patients more likely to exhibit symptoms of SPD and tend to have higher prevalence rates for paranoid and avoidant PD Treatment o Ego syntonic nature of personality disorders Do not tend to seek treatment Prematurely terminate from treatment o Comorbidity Complicates treatment Treatment is seldom aimed at problem behaviors that are associated with only one type of personality disorder therefore efficacy of treatment is difficult to evaluate Borderline Personality Disorder BPD One of the most perplexing most disabling and most frequently treated forms of personality disorder Common features abnormal behaviors o Splitting alternately seeing people as entirely good or entirely bad Symptoms DSM 5 criteria o Pervasive pattern of instability in self image interpersonal relationships and in mood o Develops with several other PD categories o Overlaps with major depression substance dependence and eating disorders Causes Treatment o Genetic o Parental loss neglect and mistreatment during childhood o Physical abuse and sexual abuse o Most difficult to treat o Between 1 2 to 2 3 of all patients discontinue treatment prematurely o Dialectical Behavioral Therapy DBT Marsha Linehan Learning to be more comfortable with strong emotions Therapist s acceptance of the patient and their negative behaviors Women experience more improvement Psychiatrists employ the entire spectrum of psychoactive medication with DBT patients antipsychotics antidepressants lithium anticonvulsants Antisocial Personality Disorder ASPD Most thoroughly studied PD over a longer period of time than any other PD Psychopathy vs ASPD o Two different attempts to define the same disorder o Do not identify the same people o No longer used interchangeably o Psychopathy no official diagnosis o ASPD official diagnosis criteria in DSM 5 Two forms of antisocial behavior 1 Transient burn out when reach 40 45 years find new outlets 2 Nontransient life course persistent antisocial behavior Symptoms o Diagnosis requires the presence of conduct disorder
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