Unit 1 Movement and Physiology Dr P Bryant Chase Physiology the science of biological function Homeostasis maintaining a constant internal environment with changes in activity Pathophysiology changes in physiology associated with diseases genetic mutations infections or environmental factors o Pathophysiology is important to Understand disease mechanisms Understand our body s response to disease Find treatments and cures o Biomedical research is helping us to understand normal and pathophysiology with benefits for individuals families and societies ICLICKER QUESTION Homeostasis is A Maintenance of constant internal environment Blood connects tissues and cells in the body o Hematocrit determines O2 carrying capacity of blood in normal o Blood Composition Cells Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Platelets cell fragments Plasma Water Electrolytes ions and small molecules o Includes gases O2 and CO2 Proteins Chemical Signals hormones individuals Of blood volume RBCs o Cellular Components of blood Red Blood Cells RBCs Erythrocytes White Blood Cells WBCs Leukocytes Platelets Thrombocytes and cell fragments o Red Blood Cells Erythrocytes Blood is 40 45 Red Blood Cells Bi Concave shape Specialized to transport Oxygen O2 Short diffusion shape for O2 Cytoskeleton protein spectrum maintains shape o Like the frame of a building O2 transport in the blood Dissolved in plasma and cytoplasm of blood cells Bound to Hemoglobin Hb o RBCs are filled with Hemoglobin Myoglobin and Hemoglobin are O2 binding proteins in muscle and blood Myoglobin binds 1 O2 molecule Hemoglobin binds 4 O2 molecules o Binding 1 O2 increases the binding of the next Red blood cells also participate in carbon dioxide CO2 transport CO2 transport in blood o Dissolved in plasma and cytoplasm of blood cells o Bound to Hb after it has released O2 o Converted to Carbonic Acid H2CO3 by an enzyme Enzyme Carbonic Anhydrase In RBCs o Carbonic acid comes apart bicarbonate HCO3 H proton CO2 and HCO3 can easily leave and re enter RBCs Most carbon dioxide CO2 is transported in blood converted to bicarbonate HCO3 ICLICKER QUESTION Hemoglobin Hb is a protein in RBCs that has four binding sights to cooperatively bind B Oxygen ERYTHROPOIESIS New red blood cells come from red marrow of bone An individual RBC circulates in blood for only 3 4 months New RBCs come from stem cells that divide replicate and specialize differentiate into RBCs o Occurs in red marrow of bone o Maturation takes about one week o Note RBC loses nucleus during maturation more room for HB no nucleus means they can no longer divide on their own RBC production is primarily controlled by a hormone Erythropoietin EPO o EPO stimulates RBC production o EPO produced by kidneys o Example of homeostasis moving to live in the mountains o Less atmospheric O2 at elevation o Less O2 in blood especially during activity o Kidneys produce more EPO o Hematocrit increases o More O2 blood Molecular origin of Sickle Cell Disease A genetic mutation in an HB gene o White Blood Cells Leukocytes New White Blood Cells WBCs come from red marrow of blood New WBCS come from stem cells that divide replicate and specialize differentiate into WBCs Fight disease Platelets Platelets are cell fragments produced by megakaryocytes New platelets come from red marrow of bone o New platelets come from cells called megakaryocytes Blood Plasma Composition o Water o Electrolytes o Small molecules Dissolved gasses O2 and CO2 and N2 Food molecules and metabolic wastes Proteins Chemical Signals hormones Some are proteins and others are bound to proteins o Major Proteins in Blood Plasma Albumins Lipoprotein assemblies Apolipoproteins lipids High density lipoproteins HDL good cholesterol Low density lipoproteins LDL bad cholesterol Fibrinogens Blood Clotting with platelets Globulins Includes antibodies Protein hormones o Blood clotting coagulation involves both platelets and fibrinogen Stops bleeding from damaged blood vessels Antibodies are blood proteins globulins that help protect against infections o A protein component of the immune system Vaccination primes the immune system to produce antibodies against new infections benefits individuals and society Heat transported by blood and role in regulation of body temperature o Cold day blood vessels constrict resulting in conservation o Hot day blood vessels dilate vasodilation resulting in increased heat loss Blood Cancers ICLICKER QUESTION All of the following are functions of blood except D generating heat when it is cold outside o Cancers and cardiovascular diseases are the top two killers in the developed world o Cancer occurs when cells multiply at an abnormally high rate o Several types of cancer involve abnormal production of WBCs Cancer cells do not function normally Can also affect production of RBCs and platelets o Some treatments for cancers decrease WBC count o Metastasis cancer cells travel in the blood from a tumor to other parts of Lymph the body o Not blood Blood circulates in blood vessels of the cardiovascular system o Lymph forms from fluid between cells Interstitial fluid o Lymph travels in vessels of the lymphatic system and eventually end sup mixing with blood Travels on way does not circulate like blood ICLICKER QUESTION Food molecules Glucose Amino Acids etc are distributed through the body C In the blood along with O2 and CO2 Cardiovascular Physiology The Heart and the Vasculature o Circulatory System Cardiovascular System Blood Heart Vasculature blood vessels Lymphatic System o Heart Pump of CV system Cardiac Muscle Blood vessels that supply blood to heart muscle 4 Chambers 4 Valves 2 Atria smaller structures 2 Ventricles larger structures main portion of heart 2 between atria and ventricles 2 between ventricles and arteries Valves keep the blood moving in one direction Left atrium and ventricle Pump oxygenated blood to all parts of body except lungs More muscular Pumps blood through entire body except lungs Right atrium and ventricle Pump de oxygenated blood to the lungs to the lungs o Circulation of Blood Blood is pumped through the body in a circuit One way route Pulmonary Circulation top Right atrium and ventricle pump de oxygenated blood white to lungs O2 gained and CO2 released in lungs Oxygenated blood gray returns to left atrium Systemic circulation bottom Left atrium and ventricle pump oxygenated blood gray to all parts of body except lungs o Systemic Circulation Tissues use O2 and produce CO2 De oxygenated blood white returns to
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