BSC 1005 Unit 1 Exam Plants and People Chapter 1 Things to Know 1 State the characteristics of green plants a Photosynthetic Plants are green because they have chlorophyll to trap the sunlight for photosynthesis the process where plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into sugars they can use Mode of nutrition b Cell wall Plants can t move because each cell is surrounded by a rigid cell wall that offers the structural support they need to spread out to obtain as much sunlight as they can The reason they don t move is so that they can spread leaves out for maximum photosynthesis c Reproduction methods Plants make flowers fruits and seeds or in the d These three characteristics have to all be present cases of ferns and mosses they make spores kingdom protista may have some of these characteristics but can t be considered a plant unless it has all of them fungi and members of the 2 Know that organisms are named according to the binomial system genus It goes Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species a b A species is a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce a fertile offspring Everything above species is really an abstraction 3 Organisms are classified on the basis of their evolutionary genetic species relatedness a Initially scientists could only group organisms by their physical features As science progresses we can evaluate organisms DNA sequences The more similar the genetics of organisms are the closer they are related and vice versa This is also based on evolutionary relatedness as evolution can be seen as the slow accumulation of tiny genetic changes 4 Know that the kingdom is the highest most all inclusive grouping of life and be able to name the five kingdoms of life a The five kingdoms are bacteria animal fungi protist simple unicellular organisms and plants 5 Know that bacteria were the first organisms to evolve and be able to state the approximate times at which 1 life appeared 2 photosynthesis evolved and 3 the more complex groups of organisms evolved from bacteria know that green land plants evolved separated from the other groups about 1 billion years ago know that animals are more closely related to fungi than they are to plants a The first organisms were bacteria which appeared about 3 5 billion years ago b Some bacteria had evolved photosynthesis by around 3 billion years ago This allowed oxygen to first accumulate permitting more complex life to eventually come to be c Multicellular organisms many protists evolved from bacteria around 1 5 billion years ago d Around 1 billion years ago plants fungi and animals evolved Animals and fungi are more closely related to each other than they are to plants Green plants separated from others around 1 billion years ago Plants were some of the first organisms to live on dry land and began doing so around 450 million years ago e Plants evolved from green algae and the earliest plants were mosses 500 million years ago transport systems xylem and phloem evolved in plants allowing them to grow bigger Ferns came next being the dominant plants around 400 million years ago Leaves evolved 375 million years ago greatly improving photosynthesis 350 million years ago seeds and pollen evolved 150 million years ago flowering plants evolved which proved to be extremely successful Chapter 2 Objectives 1 Know that all living things are composed of cells and that the cell is the basic unit of life each cell is surrounded by a cell membrane and each cell contains a nucleus and cytoplasm a Each cell has a cell membrane a lipid layer that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell b The genetic material or DNA is contained in the nucleus which is like the cell s control center The cytoplasm is the gel like substance enclosed in the cell and surrounds the organelles parts of the cell c The cell is the basic unit of life and all cells arise from preexisting cells All living things are made of cells 2 Know that plant cells have all the components found in animal cells but in addition have a cell wall on the outside of the cell membrane and chloroplasts where photosynthesis takes place in the cytoplasm a Plant cells contain all of the organelles of an animal cell plus chloroplasts and the surrounding cell wall The chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis or energy generation for plants Chloroplasts are always in the cells in the leaves but not in places like the roots where photosynthesis cannot occur 3 Know the function of the cell wall a The cell wall gives the plant its rigidity and structural integrity and also to connect the cells together 4 Be able to state the overall chemical reaction of photosynthesis CO2 and water are converted into sugars plus oxygen by means of light energy know that this is the reaction that makes life possible bringing carbon into a form that can be used to make the molecules of our bodies and converting sunlight into an energy form that organisms can use a In photosynthesis sunlight is harnessed by chloroplasts that use this chemical reaction to make sugars and oxygen as a byproduct b CO2 H2O sugars O2 Photosynthesis c This equation allows plants to transform sunlight into the sugars they use as energy The sugars are transported throughout the plant for its use 5 Be able to outline the carbon cycle know that animals obtain their carbon by eating plants and that animals get their energy by digesting plant materials breaking them down to CO2 and water through the process of respiration a The carbon cycle is essentially photosynthesis and respiration going back and forth The plant uses CO2 and water to make sugars and O2 An animal breathes in the O2 and gets the sugars by eating the plant creating energy water and CO2 This water and CO2 is released back into the air for the plant to use again b The formula for respiration acting as the reverse of photosynthesis is Sugars O2 CO2 H2O Energy c Also in the carbon cycle any dead plant or animal matter is broken down to CO2 through respiration of bacteria and fungi in the soil 6 Know the functions of the xylem and phloem of plants a Plants have two systems to transport resources throughout them i The xylem transports water from the roots to the leaves ii The phloem transports sugars from the leaves to all the parts of the plant that are not photosynthetic roots interior parts of the stem fruit and flowers and need sugar 7 Know what transpiration is and its relation to photosynthesis a The movement of
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