Chapter 1 Physiology is the science of biological function Physiological approaches to understanding living organisms apply equally at higher and lower levels of biological organization Knowing the structures and molecules within cells often helps us to understand function of the molecules and higher levels of organizations too o Applied to multi scale approach to investigate various cell types within and between tissues organs and organ systems o Goal understanding fundamental operating principles of physiological systems associated with movement and how function is related to key structures Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment despite external changes or changes caused by variation in biological activity within cells tissues and organs Ex mechanisms to maintain body temperature in hot cold weather Pathophysiology Disease Can think of it in this way being on the wrong path pathophysiology to disease Changes in pathophysiology associated with diseases Genetic mutations which are internal causes Environmental factors Infections external causes of disease Not only understanding physiology but understanding pathophysiology can help to better relate to and help others who experience these diseases Benefits of biomedical research for individuals families and society Reducing death rates for diseases Not as many financial tolls on the families and additional costs for society as a whole o Poor health increases costs of health care health insurance and reduces productivity at work So basically basic research pays of for individuals their families employers and for society Chapter 2 Blood is part of the circulatory system Specifically the cardiovascular system Blood considered a connective tissue Blood is type of connective tissue even though it is a fluid Blood connects cells throughout the body as it continuously circulates within blood vessels o Mainly the part about connecting cells throughout body Major cellular components of blood Major component is water but blood is a complex fluid so it is much more White Blood Cells o Leukocytes o neutrophils eosinophils basophils lymphocytes and monocytes than that Red Blood Cells o Erythrocytes Platelets o Thrombocytes o Cell fragments Major components of blood plasma Plasma clear fluid in which the cells are suspended Plasma is made up of o Water o Electrolytes ions and small molecules Gasses Oxygen O2 and Carbon Dioxide CO2 Food molecules Metabolic wastes lactic acid when exercising really hard o Proteins o Chemical signals hormones Some the hormones are proteins Others bound to proteins Cells are the basic units of life Cell is surrounded by a membrane Membrane is composed of lipids arranged in a bilayer structure contains proteins o Some proteins and lipids can be modified with carbohydrate groups glycoproteins and glycolipids separates the inside of a cell from the external environment o This is important used as a safety because the inside of a living cell must be very different from the outside Inside living cell is cytoplasm Cytoplasm the liquid that is mostly water And other molecules and structures that vary among the many different types of cells Hematocrit volume of RBCs o of blood volume RBCs Determines 02 carrying capacity of blood in normal individuals Blood loss leads to decrease in Hematocrit Cells and molecules in blood participate in the following functions of blood to maintain homeostasis Transport o Diffusion mechanism for transport of respiratory gasses O2 and CO2 between blood plasma and the cytoplasm of RBCs o Each respiratory gas O2 and CO2 is transported in more than one form Some O2 transported in blood plasma RBC are highly specialized for transporting oxygen and can transport much more oxygen O2 than plasma alone This is due to the biconcave shape and absence of nucleus within RBCs Myglobin and Hemoglobin Hb are O2 binding proteins in Muscle and in blood o Each molecule of hemoglobin with four heme groups can bind four molecules of O2 CO2 transports in blood Dissolved in plasma and cytoplasma of blood cells Bout to Hb after it has released O2 Converted to carbonic acid H2CO3 by an enzyme Carbonic anhydrase Enzyme protein in RBC that is essential for CO2 transport Think of it like this o Carbonic anhydrase is essential for Carbon Dioxide transport Kidneys maintain aspects of blood homeostasis o Kidneys produce EPO which regulates RBC production o Filter for removing wastes from the blood o Maintains blood plasma homeostasis by removing wastes and retaining the major electrolytes and water itself Hormones o The blood carries chemical signals called hormones from parts of the body endocrine glands to cells in other parts of the body Because blood circulates throughout your body it transports and redistributes this heat along the wide variety of cells and substances o Heat generation can be increased by shivering and brown fat Blood vessels constrict cold day o Vasoconstriction Heat conservation Think of it like conserving it Blood vessels dilate hot day o Vasodilation Heat loss Vasoconstriction You are constricting the heat by Immune System Antibodies are said to recognize a foreign agent such as a flu virus by binding to specific parts of the virus Antibodies are blood proteins globulins that help protect against infections o The bound antibodies may prevent the virus from infecting cells by blocking its ability to latch onto the cell surface o These bound antibodies also serve as a signal that the particle is to be removed and destroyed by WBCs Clotting Blood clotting Coagulation o Coagulation involves both platelets and fibrogen o Stops bleeding from damaged blood vessels Hematopoiesis The process of formation of blood cells and platelets in bone marrow Platelets thrombocytes are produced by white blood cells called megakaryocytes in the red marrow of the bone Origin of Sick Cell disease A single mutation in an Hb gene Caused by seemingly small change in DNA sequence that alters the formation of the Hb molecule Two of the 4 polypeptides contain altered amino acid o These can assemble into structures within RBCs that are large enough to distort the cells shape Negatively affecting the cells ability to change shape as it passes through the smallest blood vessels and can shorten the cell s durability and lifetime White Blood Cell Cancers Leukemias Metastasis Involve abnormally high numbers of white blood cells Abnormality detected as high cell count of WBCs affected If a cancer cell leaves the
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