Functions Airy entry exit Forms back of throat Has vocal chords Prevent food from going to airway Branches to form bronchiol Functional unit of respiratory system site of gas exchange Respiratory System Figure 4 1 Structures Nostrils Pharynx Larynx Epiglottis Trachea Alveoli Modes of Function Inhalation Active Muscles Contract Diaphragm Contract and moves down Volume increases Exhalation Passive Diaphragm Relax and moves up Path of airway Protection Nostrils Mouth pharynx larynx trachea bronchioles alveoli Structure Mucus Produced by Goblet cells Purpose remove foreign particles Breathing Volumes 1 Tidal volume normal breath 2 Vital capacity max air volume forced breath 3 Residual volume air left after max breath General mechanism diffusion good for small molecules over short distances Entering Lungs diffused in blood CO2 7 0 O2 6 0 Leaving Lungs CO2 5 5 O2 14 Gas exchange Relative concentrations In atmosphere O2 20 N2 80 Other 1 Control of breathing Where Brainstem Voluntary Cerebrum Controls muscles around ribs and diaphragm Involuntary Cells in arteries Detects elevations in CO2 HCO3 H Common Respiratory diseases What is a major cause of lung cancer Smoking 1 Asthma 2 Cystic fibrosis 3 Lung cancer Cardiovascular system Vasculature Heart Blood Right atrium left side on paper Vasculature arteries arteriolles capillaries tissues venules veins heart arteries Cross Bridge Cycle Muscle Contraction 1 Calcium ions bind to troponin 2 Troponin changes shape 3 Tropomyosin moves away from actin allows myosin to bind Forms cross bridge Toxins Models of paralysis Botulism Inhibits release of chemical signal from synapse Tetani Prevents inhibition of signal Skeletal Muscles Antagonisitc pairs why do we have them Enables active motion in both directions around joints Examples Bicep Tricep Extraocular muscles eye Motor Units Definition motor neuron and muscle cells imervated by the motor neuron Bio In class Review Introduction Physiology is the science of biological function o Function is closely related to structure To study physiology we look at atoms and ions cells tissues organs and organ systems that make up an organism e g a human Much of physiology is about maintaining homeostasis maintaining a constant internal environment in an organism or a cell o Example homeostatic mechanisms to maintain body temperature Changes in physiology associated with diseases genetic mutations infections environmental factors etc Learning about pathophysiology o Understand disease mechanisms o Understand our body s response to disease o Find treatments and cures o Be more understanding of and helpful to people we know Biomedical research is helping us to understand normal and pathophysiology with benefits for individuals families and society Blood Part of the circulatory system cardiovascular system Connective tissue Complex fluid Composition o Cellular components red blood cells white blood cells platelets o Plasma Hematocrit volume of blood occupied by RBCs RBCs are specialized to transport oxygen O2 o Most O2 in the blood is bound to hemoglobin Hb a protein in RBCs Dissolved in plasma and cytoplasm of blood cells RBCs also participate in carbon dioxide CO2 transport o Most CO2 is transported in the blood in the form of carbonic acid H2CO3 and bicarbonate HCO3 Dissolved in plasma and cytoplasm of blood cells o CO2 is converted to H2CO3 by a protein enzyme in RBCs Carbonic anhydrase Sickle cell disease the molecules join together to form rods different color too Sickle cell disease is due to a mutation in Hemoglobin which leads to clumping of that protein and change in shape of red blood cells Many types of WBCs lymphocytes neutrophils eosinophils basophils and monocytes o Part of immune system help fight infections Platelets are cell fragments New blood cells are made in the red marrow bone Blood plasma o Water o Electrolytes ions and small molecules Included gasses O2 and CO2 food molecules and metabolic wastes o Proteins o Chemical signals hormones Blood has a role in many physiological processes Some are proteins and others are bound to proteins o Transport molecules including O2 and CO2 and blood cells o Protection against infections immune system o Repair clotting coagulation o Temperature regulation heart transport Blood diseases including blood cell cancers Review Cardiovascular System Structure of the human heart o Pump of the cardiovascular system o Left and right sides o Atria and ventricles o Valves o Sinoatrial SA node pacemaker and atrioventricular AV node Cardiac electrical cycle and ECG Cardiac mechanical cycle systole and diastole o Blood pressure in the ventricles and the major arteries Heart sounds lub dubb are from changes in blood motion as valves close and open Relationship between part of the cardiac cycle Cardiac output CO definition and control Types of structure and function of blood vessels vasculature o Arteries capillaries veins o Smooth muscle connective tissue and endothelium Common cardiovascular diseases o Atherosclerosis heart attack and stroke Circulatory system relation between cardiovascular system and lymphatic Diastole is phase of the cardiac mechanical cycle when the heart fills with system blood Review Respiratory System Major structures of airway and lungs o Protective role of mucus Alveoli are the functional units of the lungs across alveoli Breathing o Gas O2 and CO2 exchange between air and blood occurs by diffusion o Inhalation active because major respiratory muscles diaphragm and rib muscles contract o Exhalation passive because major respiratory muscles relax Inhalation is considered an active process because it requires contraction of the diaphragm and rib muscles while exhalation is a passive process Lung volumes and ventilation o Exchange of air within the lungs o Only part of air within the lungs is exchanged with each breath Air within alveoli in the lungs has less O2 and more CO2 than air in the atmosphere Pulmonary circulation of the blood o Deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs by the right side of the o Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the left side of the heart Pulmonary system and circulatory system o Blood carrying O2 and CO2 is pumped through the entire circulatory system by the heart active contraction of cardiac muscle heart o Diffusion Gas O2 and CO2 exchange between air in alveoli and blood in capillaries occurs by diffusion Gas O2 and CO2 exchange between blood in capillaries and cells in tissues occurs by diffusion Carbonic
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