REL 1300 11 Final Exam Study Guide Buddha Ages pass away and begin continuously o as do buddhas who come about when dharma has declined Buddha of this age Siddhartha Gautama o 5th century BCE o Born into family in the Kshatriya caste in India o Prophecy was made as a baby become great emperor become fully enlightened o In an effort to make sure he became emperor king eradicated any trace of suffering Buddha from the kingdom Four Noble Truths 1 Noble truth of suffering o Suffering dukkha is unavoidable for all living beings Every stage of life is subject to suffering o Says cravings are bad the desires you have 2 Noble truth of origin o If suffering is the problem what s the origin All suffering is caused by craving thirst trishna o Two root causes of suffering Anicca impermanence of the perceived world everything we perceive goes away The cravings for the things we want come and go Anataman literally no internal self person is always changing 3 Noble truth of cessation o Suffering ends when desire stops o truly it is the destruction of this very thirst Detachment from craving o Once this is reached nirvana enlightenment is able to be obtained State of total cessation of suffering is parinirvana 4 Truth of the eightfold path o Middle way o Right view o Right thought o Right speech o Right actions o Right livelihood o Right effort o Right mindfulness o Right concentration medication Implementing all the previous paths one can begin to concentrate and attempt to reach self awakening Three Gems First gem The Buddha o Ages pass away and begin continuously As do Buddha s who come about when dharma has declined o Talks about Siddhartha Guatama and the Four Sights The second gem the dharma o Finally decides to meditate under a tree There he is tempted by Mara with women and stuff defeats Mara s temptations o Then begins to meditate again thus reaching enlightenment nirvana then teaches others how to do the same o The Buddha s first sutra the Wheel turning Discourse Explains sufferings Wheel of Dharma is set in motion again Discourse also known as instruction on the middle path This is because he instructs his friends to follow a path of moderation between self indulgence Talks about formable truths Third Gem Sangha o Sangha community The Four Sights When he was 29 years old he saw o An old man o A sick suffering man o A dead man o Fourth sight is a monk who is seen as being detached from the world signals a path to overcome suffering Siddhartha then flees palace and wealthy life to seek spiritual truth through a life of wandering and asceticism o Later condemns extreme asceticism Nirvana reaching enlightenment The Buddha s first sutra the Wheel turning Discourse o The wheel of dharma is set in motion again o Discourse also known as Instruction on the Middle Path This is because he instructs his friends to follow a path of moderation root cause of suffering impermanence of the perceived world everything we perceive goes away o The cravings for the things we want come and go The Middle Path Annica Anatman trishna Root cause of suffering literally no internal self person is always changing All suffering is caused by craving thirst Parinirvana Eightfold Path State of total cessation of suffering o Middle way o Right view o Right thought o Right speech o Right actions teachings o Right livelihood o Right effort By following the eightfold path no one can end desire and thurs suffering Right sound Requires a clear understanding of the nature of human existence Admission that you have the capacity to see things the way that the Buddha sees them free of sensual desire ill will and cruelty Allows one to gauge whether they have begun to develop a deeper understanding Ones actions must reflect their words and thoughts reflect Buddhas Refers to ones social interactions and profession which must refrain from destructive behavior Apply effort to maintain the previous oaths listed o Right mindfulness One must be mindful of the changes made in life and how it impacts others o Right concentration medication Implementing all the previous paths one can begin to concentrate and attempt to reach self awakening Sangha Sangha community The third Gem o Two components Theravada Buddhism Monastic community ordained men and women Buddhist laypeople o Theravada is the oldest form of Buddhism that exists out of three o Theravada means way of the elders In Pali This tradition as the oldest Buddhist tradition claims to preserve the original form of Buddhism Conservative o Popular support of the monastic sangha through donations Monastic community exists as separate from laity Enlightenment comes through monastic discipline Highest attainment is to reach the status of a saint Mahayana Buddhism o Literally the greater vehicle o Emerged around the 1st century CE o Called older traditions hinayana lesser o Emphasis not on monastic life but on laypeople They can reach enlightenment While Theravada Buddhism stressed the need to have right effort in order to reach enlightenment Mahayana created the ideas of bodhisattvas that would aid people in reaching enlightenment Bodhisattvas work toward the liberation of others Dalai Lama o From the Gelug one of the three main orders of Tibetan Buddhism o Sometimes acted as the head of state of Tibet o Each Dalai lama is a reincarnation of the previous one When one dies there is a search for a young boy who shows signs of being the reincarnation of the one who died Currently the Dalai lama is in 14th reincarnation Shinto 3 5 million 100 million adherents o Counting visits to Shinto shrines Developed in Japan 7th 8th century Shinto way of the gods Devoted to worship of kami o gods deities spirits o elements in nature animals forces of creation o some ancestors Often appears to be used as a shorthand for traditional religion of Japan Emphasizes harmony with nature sincerity and ritual purity Greco Roman Religion Greek and Roman world between 8th c BCE until 4th 5th c CE Scholars point to several different manifestations of religion issues with the term o essentialism o lack of evidence o modern definition o traditional pantheon o religions of family ethnos o imperial civic ruler cult o religions from the East o mysteries Religio daimon hero numen an obligation with respect to the divine intermediaries between gods and humans human who becomes like a god divine power or divine will genius divine alter ego guardian spirit of a person Eleusinian Mysteries Open initiation o Speak Greek o Not
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